Page 85 - Australian Defence Magazine October 2019

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missions the potential of engaging hostile forces. The operational environment also affects the behaviours of the system if the system is allowed to learn and adapt to changes in its operational environment. However, these behavioural changes are different from those that the intervention- al environment can trigger.
Developers should take into account and identify overlaps with the interventional environment since the operational envi- ronments could be manipulated as part of cyberattacks to control the behaviour on the autonomous system. One example of such cyberattacks is GPS spoofing.
The technologies used to implement autonomous agents (that can sense, think and act) can vary from standard normative decision tools to AI. Standard normative decision tools include what developers call explicit programming, whereby develop- ers can anticipate interactions with the operational environment and their un- certainties and program the actions to be taken by the agent.
AI technologies consider flexible algo- rithms that must be specialised to par- ticular problems through a process called training or learning using data. The data can be from past operations or from vir- tual operations.
The inter-relation of three attributes of autonomy (nature of the interventional environment, complexity of the opera- tional environment, autonomous agent capability) is seldom mentioned explicitly in the literature of autonomous systems. When discussing autonomy, scientist and engineers often focus on where in the sys- tem a particular piece of technology is be- ing deployed.
For example, industry and researches may talk about the use of a new supervised machine-learning algorithm to implement the perception function of the system by which it gains awareness to its operational environment. They may also talk about the use natural language processing technol- ogy for the system to communicate with humans, the use of unsupervised machine learning to detect anomalies and faults from sensor data, and the use of reinforce- ment learning to learn a policy for decision making when decisions must be taken in a sequence. Digital Mike is not a single box that can be strapped on a vessel with some level of automation.
Philosophers have long considered models of how people develop trust with one an- other. These models can guide us on how
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