Page 13 - IAV Digital Magazine #413

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A Cigarette-Smoking Robot for Better Lung Disease Research
By Eliza Strickland
For the good of humanity and medical research, Harvard scientists have invented a robot that smokes cigarettes.
Well, calling it a robot may be a bit of a stretch—it’s more of a lab instrument. But the device does puff on up to 10 cigarettes at a time, taking in the smoke and channeling it to a tiny chip lined with living cells from human lungs. This “lung-on-a-chip” can be used to study how lung cells react to smoke, in intimate detail and with a level of verisimilitude that animal studies can’t match.
The invention, announced yesterday by the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, can be used for research on chronic obstructive pul- monary disease (COPD), the lung condition that includes both emphyse- ma and chronic bronchi- tis. People with COPD find it harder and harder
to breathe because the tiny airways in their lungs are damaged, typically from years of cigarette smoking. There’s no known cure, and doctors can’t repair the damage. More than 11 million people in the United States. have been diag- nosed with COPD, and the worldwide toll is reck- oned at 65 million.
Studying the effects of cigarette smoke on lung cells is a surprisingly tricky task. Culturing the cells in a Petri dish and wafting smoke over them doesn’t work well, because that setup can’t replicate the dynamic environment of a real lung where cells move with every breath. Testing in lab mice or rats is also problematic, because these rodents only breathe through their noses. That means researchers can fill a lab rat’s enclosure with smoke and let the animal passively take it in, but they can’t make the rat take a long deliberate drag.
The smoking machine lights its own cigarettes, then uses a “micro-respi- rator” to pull in and push out the smoky air in mim- icry of the body’s rhyth- mic inhales and exhales. To represent different types of smoking behav- ior, researchers can pro- gram the machine to puff faster or slower, and to take deep drags or shal- low breaths.
The smoke flows into the lung-on-chip [photo below], a small plastic doodad with a miniscule channel that’s lined with the epithelial cells found in the airways of human lungs. These cells can be taken from various sources. In the first pub- lished experiment from the Wyss Institute team, led by founding director Donald Ingber, scientists took lung cells from both healthy people and COPD patients to see cigarette smoke’s impact on each set. The tech- nology may enable dis- coveries about the pathology of COPD by giving scientists a better look at what goes wrong in those lung cells, and it
can also serve as a plat- form to test new drugs.
E-cigarettes can also be studied in the smoking machine—which may be a real advance for research, since lung cells in a Petri dish and lab mice can’t be con- vinced to vape. There’s considerable debate over the health effects of e- cigarettes, so investiga- tors will likely be grateful for a new research tool.
The new invention builds on prior work at the Wyss Institute, which is serving up more organs- on-chips than a manic French chef. Just earlier this week the team unveiled a 3D-printed heart-on-a-chip with built-in sensors to meas- ure the strength of con- traction in beating heart cells. All these compo- nents are part of a grand plan to build a “human- on-a-chip,” which will link 10 organ-chips together to mimic the whole human body.
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