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America relies heav- ily on space assets to project force around the globe, from launching mis- siles to directing warships across the seas. Indeed, the Global Positioning System, or GPS, is actually a group of 31 high-orbiting satellites owned by the US government and operated by the US Air Force.
Some worry that dis- rupting America's vast network of satellites and ground-based sys- tems could send US forces back to an antiquated era of targeting, communi- cations, and naviga- tion systems — deeply undercutting battlefield superiori- ty.
This spring, rhetoric from US military offi- cials about the need to bolster American defensive position, and even offensive capabilities, in space has ratcheted up amid concern that Russia and China are rapidly develop- ing anti-satellite weapons.
"While we're not at war in space, I don't think we could say we're exactly at peace, either," Vice
Admiral Charles Richard, Deputy Commander of U.S. Strategic Command, known as Stratcom, told a conference in Washington DC in March. "We must prepare for a conflict that extends into space."
In his remarks, Vice Admiral Richard pointed to press reports that "China is developing an arsenal of lasers, electro-magnetic rail guns, and high-pow- ered microwave weapons to neutral- ize America's intelli- gence, communica- tions, and naviga- tions satellites."
In April, Stratcom Commander General John Hyten told a Senate com- mittee hearing that in addition to bol- stering defenses, "we have to build an offensive capability to challenge their capabilities in space as well."
In that hearing, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) asked General Hyten to assess the threat to America's space assets from coun- tries like Russia and China.
"It is significant and it is growing," Hyten replied. "You have to ask yourself why we have adversaries
that are building weapons in space, weapons that can deploy into space, weapons that can jam our satellites, weapons that can jam GPS. Why are they building that entire infrastructure? It is not because they are interested in the peaceful use of outer space. It is because they are looking to threaten the United States."
The Space Aggressors aim to simulate attacks a real adversary might use, so US forces can practice over- coming them.
"We study threats to the space realm, either coming from space or based on land," said Captain Barnes. "If we can't directly replicate them with hardware, then we figure out if there's a software solution or some way we can train people to the point where they can fight through them, if they have to, in a con- flict."
One tactic Space Aggressors are known to employ is called "brute force jamming," which involves sending powerful signals over satellite net- works to garble the original message.
Many details of their operations, however, remain secret.
"Some people think space is an Achilles heel for the US, and that if we were to lose our capabilities in space, we may not be able to fight through," said the Space Aggressors' Captain Barnes. "But the better we can train folks, the better they're going tobeabletogoout there and prove that despite one or another asset falling away, our guys on the ground, jointly, can still fight through and win the day."
In addition to wargaming in a con- tested space envi- ronment, US troops are also training to fight without access to space — in case one day they have to.
Six years ago, the Air Force held a study called "A Day Without Space" at the Nellis Air Force Base in southern Nevada that sought to replicate what would happen if American forces were deprived of satellite communica- tions and global positioning data.
"It was not good," General Hyten told the Senate. "We were not ready to do
that."
Following the study, the military "relearned" tech- niques for fighting without access to GPS or satellites — using alternate tools like "inertial naviga- tion systems," which don't need orbiting reference points, and even compass- es and maps, Hyten said.
The Department of Defense has spent at least $22 billion in recent years "to defend and improve the resiliency of our assets in space and put potential adver- sary space systems at risk," former US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter wrote in a memo to President Barack Obama prior to the end of the adminis- tration's term.
In April, the Air Force announced it would create a new position for a three- star general to serve as advisor to the Air Force Secretary and Joint Chiefs of Staff on space issues — effectively, a space war czar.
In the same month, the Pentagon gave the Joint Interagency Combined Space Operations Center, which went by the confusing handle
JICSpOC, a shorter and more descrip- tive title: the National Space Defense Center.
The military also announced a new initiative aimed at deepening defense partnerships in space with US allies known as the Multinational Space Collaboration effort.
That new measure will "explore meth- ods for increased sharing, coopera- tion, and collabora- tion to preserve the safety of spaceflight, and enhance mutual security," Stratcom said in a statement in April.
The first foreign liai- son officer, from Germany, is expect- ed to join the initia- tive at the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California this sum- mer. Meanwhile, back in Colorado, the Space Aggressors continue to wage simulated space war to help US troops prepare for a real one.
"I want them to be able to fight through the environment," said Captain Barnes. "The hard- est part of doing this job is that you don't really want to win."
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