Page 324 - Microsoft Word - SPIRIT AND THE MIND.doc
P. 324

284 SPIRIT AND THE MIND
(2) Autonomy versus Doubt, second and third years (Freud’s anal stage);
(3) Initiative versus Guilt, fourth and fifth years (Freud’s phallic stage);
(4) Industry versus Inferiority, 6 to 11 years (Freud’s latency period, the time when the child learns to reason deductively);
(5) Identity versus Role Confusion, adolescence: roughly from 12 to 18 years, a time when there is a pronounced change in mental activity, with the appearance of more abstract thinking and a deep- ening appreciation of the complexity of life. The individual becomes more self-conscious, wondering what other people think of him and developing a sense of who he is, where he has been and where he is going. He may also compare his own family in society with what he conceptualizes as an ideal family or society.
(6) Intimacy versus Isolation, from adolescence to early middle age;
(7) Generativity versus Self-Absorption, middle-age. In this stage the individual becomes concerned with others beyond his im- mediate family and with the nature of society and the world in which future generations will live.
(8) Integrity versus Despair, old age.
PIAGET
Piaget describes four major stages of cognitive development:
(1) Sensorimotor stage from birth to 18 months, in which the child begins to develop the capabilities of reasoning as mental trial and error replace trial and error in action. By eight or nine months the child begins to retain in memory a mental image of an object.
(2) A preoperational stage from 18 months to seven years; sym bolic thought develops but the child is still unable to reason logi- cally or deductively. Thinking is characterized by egocentrism (selfishness), and juxtaposition and transductive reasoning—in which events and objects are associated by primitive logical linkages such as being present side by side — rather than in hierarchical and logical classes. Responses are made to what is most striking in the environment rather than through understanding. Symbolic play, graphic imagery, mental imagery and language are usually con solidated between 2 and 4 years.


































































































   322   323   324   325   326