Page 655 - Chemistry--atom first

Chapter 11 | Solutions and Colloids 645
molality (m) a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms
nonelectrolyte substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water
osmosis diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
osmotic pressure (Π) opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
partially miscible of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
Raoult’s law the partial pressure exerted by a solution component is equal to the product of the component’s mole
fraction in the solution and its equilibrium vapor pressure in the pure state
saturated of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure
semipermeable membrane a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules
solubility extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
solvation exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established
spontaneous process physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source
strong electrolyte substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water supersaturated of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state
Tyndall effect scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion
unsaturated of concentration less than solubility
van’t Hoff factor (i) the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution
weak electrolyte substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water