Page 702 - Chemistry--atom first
P. 702
692 Chapter 13 | Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
Check Your Learning
Write the equations for the conversion of Kc to KP for each of the following reactions, which occur in the gas phase:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) At 227 °C, the following reaction has Kc = 0.0952:
What would be the value of KP at this temperature?
Answer: (a) KP = Kc (RT)−1; (b) KP = Kc (RT); (c) KP = Kc (RT); (d) 160 or 1.6 102
Heterogeneous Equilibria
A heterogeneous equilibrium is a system in which reactants and products are found in two or more phases. The phases may be any combination of solid, liquid, or gas phases, and solutions. When dealing with these equilibria, remember that solids and pure liquids do not appear in equilibrium constant expressions (the activities of pure solids, pure liquids, and solvents are 1).
Some heterogeneous equilibria involve chemical changes; for example:
Other heterogeneous equilibria involve phase changes, for example, the evaporation of liquid bromine, as shown in
the following equation:
We can write equations for reaction quotients of heterogeneous equilibria that involve gases, using partial pressures
instead of concentrations. Two examples are:
13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the ways in which an equilibrium system can be stressed
• Predict the response of a stressed equilibrium using Le Châtelier’s principle
As we saw in the previous section, reactions proceed in both directions (reactants go to products and products go to reactants). We can tell a reaction is at equilibrium if the reaction quotient (Q) is equal to the equilibrium constant (K). We next address what happens when a system at equilibrium is disturbed so that Q is no longer equal to K. If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a perturbance or stress (such as a change in concentration) the position of equilibrium
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12012/1.7
