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Figure 12.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
According to Maslow, only after satisfying the lower level of needs is a person free to progress to the ultimate need of self-actualization. Into what category in the hierarchy do biological needs fall?
1. Review the Vocabulary Describe how fundamental, psychological, and self- actualization needs differ.
2. Visualize the Main Idea Use an orga- nizer similar to the one below to list four motives associated with hunger.
Hunger Motives
3. Recall Information What is the differ- ence between the expectancy-value theory and the competency theory?
4. Think Critically What strategies would you offer to a friend who wanted to increase his or her need for achieve- ment level? Explain why.
5. Application Activity
Review Maslow’s hierar- chy of needs and analyze your life according to
Maslow’s scheme. Which groups of needs are frequently met? How do your needs—both fulfilled and unfulfilled—affect your thoughts and behaviors?
opting to seek a new route to China. Would we not conclude that his need for esteem was dominant in his search? Also, some people do not seem interested in fulfilling higher needs, such as achievement, although
their lower, biological needs or safety needs have been met.
These researchers are suggesting that perhaps Maslow identified types of needs that may operate in
all of us, but there is no guarantee
that the needs must be satisfied
in order. Any one need may dominate at a particular
time, even as the organism
is seeking to respond to
others among his or her
dominant needs. A need
may be dominant in any
of us at a particular
moment, without neces-
sarily meaning the other
needs are not present and
influencing our behavior
at some level.
Self- Actualization Needs
4 Esteem needs: to
achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition
3 Belongingness and love needs: to affiliate with others; to be
accepted and belong
2 Safety needs:
to feel secure, safe, and
out of danger
1 Physiological needs:
to satisfy hunger, thirst, and sex drives
5 The need to fulfill
one’s unique potential
Psychological Needs
Fundamental Needs
Assessment
Chapter 12 / Motivation and Emotion 327