Page 36 - Understanding Psychology

1. Review the Vocabulary Using your own words, describe the structuralist, functionalist, behaviorist, and humanist approaches to the study of psychology.
2. Visualize the Main Idea Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the different historical approaches to the study of psychology.
Historical Approaches
3. Recall Information Identify some issues that sociocultural psychologists might research.
4. Think Critically With which approach to psychology do you most agree? Why?
5. Application Activity
Consider the following question: Why do you sometimes daydream in
your classes? Compare how the various approaches to the study of psychology would address this question differently. Describe the differences and similarities.
For example, a sociocultural psychologist considers how our knowl- edge and ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are dependent on the culture to which we belong. Think about all the perspectives and be- haviors you share with other people of your culture. Psychologist Leonard Doob (1990) illustrated the cultural implications of a simple, reflexive behavior—a sneeze. Doob asks, “Will [the person who senses the urge to sneeze] try to inhibit this reflex action? What will he say, what will bystanders say, when he does sneeze? What will they think of him if he fails to turn away and sneezes in their faces? Do they and he con- sider sneezing an omen and, if so, is it a good or bad omen?” To answer such questions, we would have to understand the cultural context in which the sneeze occurred, as well as the cultural beliefs associated with the sneeze.
Sociocultural psychologists also study the impact and integration of the millions of immigrants who come to the United States each year. The character of the U.S. population is rapidly changing. By the year 2010, Americans of Hispanic origin will make up almost 15 percent of the pop- ulation, while those of African American and Asian or Pacific Islander descent will make up over 18 percent (U.S. Census Bureau, 1998). Psychologists study the attitudes, values, beliefs, and social norms and roles of these different ethnic groups. They also study methods to reduce intolerance and discrimination.
The sociocultural approach is also concerned with issues such as gen- der and socioeconomic status and is based on the idea that these factors impact human behavior and mental processes. For instance, how might you be different if you had been born female instead of male, or male instead of female? Would you be different if you had been born in poverty, or into an extremely wealthy family?
Assessment
22 Chapter 1 / Introducing Psychology