Page 400 - Understanding Psychology

Figure 14.8 Finding Individual Fulfillment
According to Adler, each person creates a plan—a lifestyle—for achieving superiority. The lifestyle of this Buddhist monk differs from that of Bill Gates. Each may have a different path to fulfillment. How does Adler’s theory differ from Freud’s?
1. Review the Vocabulary Explain how the id, ego, and superego work together in a person.
2. Visualize the Main Idea Using a dia- gram similar to the one below, describe the basic views of personality of the following psychoanalysts: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalyst Views of Personality
3. Recall Information What is the differ- ence between personal unconscious and collective unconscious? How does the unconscious affect our personalities?
4. Think Critically What part of a per- sonality—id, ego, or superego—do you think is the most important? Explain your answer.
5. Application Activity
Create a cartoon that illustrates the use of one of the defense mecha-
nisms discussed in this section.
Although Jung and Adler were the first figures to break with Freud, many others have followed. Erich Fromm’s (1900–1980) the- ory centered around the need to belong and the loneliness that freedom can bring. Karen Horney (1885–1952) stressed the importance of basic anxi- ety, which a child feels because she is helpless, and basic hostility, a resent- ment of one’s parents that generally accompanies this anxiety. She also disagreed with Freud on several basic beliefs. Horney believed that if a child is raised in an
atmosphere of love and security, that child could avoid Freud’s psycho- sexual parent-child conflict.
Erik Erikson (1902–1994) accepted Freud’s basic theory, but he out- lined eight psychosocial stages (described in Chapter 3) that every person goes through from birth to old age and that describe the importance of interacting with other people. These and other neo-Freudians have helped keep psychoanalytic theory alive and debated (Friman et al., 1993).
Assessment
Other Theorists
386 Chapter 14 / Theories of Personality