Page 572 - Understanding Psychology

How do we conform to group
norms?
Norms are formalized rules for how members of groups should behave. They can exert strong influences on other members’ behav- iors. How do people react when group norms are not adhered to?
Procedure
1. Think of a norm that regulates what an indi- vidual should or should not do in a given situation. (Examples include standing a cer- tain distance from a person when talking, not talking during a movie, or wearing cer- tain types of clothing for given situations.)
2. Design and act out an experiment in which you do not adhere to the norm.
Analysis
1. What were the general reactions of other group members to you not adhering to the particular norm?
2. How did other people’s reactions make you feel?
3. Do you think norms are always useful? Can they be harmful? Why do you think so?
are more likely to develop the attitude that you need a new car. Whereas initially, your commitment was
minor, later you commit more intensely.
There are several factors that increase con- forming behavior in people. The factors include: • belonging to a group that emphasizes the
role of groups rather than individuals
• the desire to be liked by other members
of the group
• low self-esteem
• social shyness
• lack of familiarity with a task
• group size (Conformity increases as the
size of the group grows to five or six
people. After that, conformity levels off.) • cultural influences
OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY
The influence other people have on your atti- tudes and actions is considerable. Sometimes this influence is indirect and subtle, and at other times it is quite direct. People may simply tell you what to believe and what to do. Under what conditions do
you obey them?
Everyone in this society has had experiences with
See the Skills
Handbook, page 622, for an explanation of designing
an experiment.
obedience: a change in atti- tude or behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people perceived to be authorities
various authorities, such as parents, teachers, police offi- cers, managers, judges, clergy, and military officers. Obedience, or behavior in response to orders given by these authorities, can be either useful or destructive. For instance, obey- ing the orders of a doctor or firefighter in an emergency would be constructive. Psychologists are more interested, however, in the negative aspects of obedience. They know from cases in history such as German Nazism and American atrocities in Vietnam that individuals frequently obey irrational commands. In fact, people often obey authority even when obedience goes against their conscience and their whole system of
morality.
The Milgram Experiment
Psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted the most famous investiga- tion of obedience in 1963 (see Figure 19.12). Milgram set up the experi- ment as follows. Two participants appeared for each session. They were told that they would be participating in an experiment to test the effects of punishment on memory. One of the participants was to be the “teacher” and the other, the “learner.” In reality, the learner was not a volunteer par- ticipant; he was Milgram’s accomplice. The teacher was to read into a microphone a list of words to be memorized by the learner, who would be
558 Chapter 19 / Group Interaction