Page 650 - Understanding Psychology
P. 650
Glossary humanist–intrinsic motivation
humanist a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth (p. 20)
humanistic psychology a school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential for each unique individual (p. 392)
humanistic therapy an approach to psychology that focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person and holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one’s full potential (p. 496)
hypnosis a state of consciousness resulting from a nar- rowed focus of attention and characterized by height- ened suggestibility (p. 191)
hypnotic analgesia a reduction of pain reported by patients after undergoing hypnosis (p. 194)
hypochondriasis a somatoform disorder characterized by being preoccupied with imaginary ailments (p. 461) hypothesis anassumptionorpredictionaboutbehaviororan
educated guess about the relationship between two vari-
ables that is tested through scientific research (pp. 11, 40) hysteria more commonly used in Sigmund Freud’s time to refer to unexplainable fainting, paralysis, or deafness
(p. 461)
iconic memory the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of visual stimuli (p. 275)
id in psychoanalytic theory, that part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, and instincts, as well as repressed material (p. 379)
identical twins twins who develop from one fertilized egg; twins having the same heredity and genes (p. 175)
identification in psychoanalytic theory, the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent (p. 82); the process of seeing oneself as similar to another person or group and accepting the attitudes of another person or group as one’s own (p. 583)
identity crisis a period of inner conflict during which ado- lescents worry intensely about who they are (p. 105) ideology the set of principles, attitudes, and defined objec-
tives for which a group stands (p. 548)
illusions perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli
(pp. 229, 436)
image a visual, mental representation of a specific event or
object (p. 296)
immune system the body’s natural defense system that
fights off bacteria, viruses, and other foreign or toxic sub-
stances (p. 426)
imprinting inherited tendencies or responses that are dis-
played by newborn animals when they encounter new
stimuli in their environment (p. 75)
incentive environmental factor such as an external stimulus,
reinforcer, or reward that motivates our behavior (p. 316)
independent variable in an experiment, the factor that the researcher deliberately controls or manipulates to test its effect on another factor (p. 40)
individualistic when people act as individuals, obey their consciences, and are concerned with self-evaluation (p. 570)
industrial / organizational psychologist a psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and man- agers (p. 26)
industrial / organizational psychology a branch of psychology that deals with the psychology of the work- place (p. 615)
inferential statistics numerical methods used to deter- mine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance (p. 53)
inferiority complex a pattern of avoiding feelings of inad- equacy and insignificance rather than trying to overcome their source (p. 385)
in-group group members who identify with their group (p. 549)
initiation rites a ceremony or ritual in which an individual is admitted to a new status or accepted into a new posi- tion (p. 94)
innate part of a person’s biological inheritance (p. 330) inoculation effect a method of developing resistance to persuasion by exposing a person to arguments that chal- lenge his or her beliefs so that he or she can practice
defending them (p. 595)
insight the apparent sudden realization or understanding of
the solution to a problem (pp. 301, 494)
insomnia a sleep disorder characterized by recurring prob-
lems in falling asleep or staying asleep (p. 187) instincts innate tendencies that determine behavior
(p. 314)
intellectualization a coping mechanism in which the per-
son analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached
viewpoint (p. 431)
intelligence the ability to acquire new ideas and new
behavior, learn from experience, and adapt to new situa-
tions (p. 348)
intelligence quotient (IQ) standardized measure of intel-
ligence based on a scale in which 100 is defined as aver-
age (p. 352)
interest inventory measures a person’s preferences and
attitudes in a wide variety of activities (p. 361) interference the process that occurs when new informa- tion appears in short-term memory and replaces what
was already there (p. 286)
internalization the process of incorporating the values,
ideas, and standards of others as a part of oneself (p. 584) intimacy the component of love associated with feeling
close and connected to someone (p. 536)
intrinsic motivation engaging in certain activities because
they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations (p. 316)
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636 Glossary