Page 230 - English - Teaching Academic Esl Writing

216 CHAPTER 9
Most single-word adverbs or adverbial phrases in academic text occur in the medial position in the sentence, rather than at the beginning or end (e.g.,Measuring thetemperatureby_handandatunevenintervalsprovedtobe...; It is often noted that air-born particles do not usually move in predictable patterns.).
TELLING ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS AP ART
Although most adverbs are marked by the suffix -ly,many are not. Forexam- ple, adverbs without markers include:
almost
already
here
next rather
seldom today sometimes tomorrow then yesterday there yet
costly early elderly
friendly
likely/unlikely lively
manly
lovely
sickly ugly silly yearly
shapely womanly
now often quite
On the other hand, some adjectives have the -ly suffix:
Some words can have the functions of both adjectives and adverbwith- out changes in their form:
deep, early, fast, hard, hardly, high, late, long, low,near
To determine whether a particular word is an adjective or an ad- verb, a simple technique can be used: If a particular word or phrase answers the questions where when, why, how, how often/long, this word/phrase is an adverb.
For example,
Every business must operate (how?) profitably to stay around (when/how
long) for a while.
With the exception of their occurrences as part of predicate following be- and linking verbs, all adverbs and adjectives represent optional sentence el- ements (see also chap. 3).
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