Page 310 - English - Teaching Academic Esl Writing

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CHAPTER 11
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In spite of [preposition] such localand regional disasters [noun phrase], the overall human population on earth has continued to grow.
Despite [preposition] joblessness and overcrowding [noun phrase], shantytown residents cling to life with resourcefulness, tenacity, and hope. Nevertheless/However [transition], municipal governments do not strive to improve the quality of life for new urban arrivals. Not only lack- ing the money, officials alsofear that improving services will attract even more of the rural poor.
Although/Even though [subordinator] disease is rampant in the squalor [adverb clause], most urban migrants do have more opportunities and are better off than the rural poor they left behind.
Most Common Two-and Three-Word Prepositions and Their Substitutions
Two-Word Prepositions
according to ahead of
along with, aside from, together with
because of, due to
contrary to
except for instead of prior to subsequent to
Three-Word Prepositions and Substitutions Prepositions, etc.: in accordance with, in line with, based on
Prepositions: in front of (place), prior to (time) Preposition/Transition: before (place/time)
Prepositions: in addition to Transitions: also, further
Subordinators: because, since Transitions: therefore, as a result, so
Transitions: however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast to/with
Prepositions: apart from, aside from, with the exception of Prepositions: in lieu of, in place of
Prepositions and Subordinators: before (time), until Prepositions: after, following
Most Common Three-Word Prepositions and Their Substitutions
by means of
in (the) case of
in (the) process of
in spite of
in view of, in light of
Preposition: with (instruments/tools only) Subordinators: if, as long as, unless, provided that
Preposition: during Subordinators: while, when
Transitions: meanwhile,in the meantime
Preposition: despite
Subordinators: though,although,even though Transition: nevertheless
Preposition: due to
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