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  inabilitytoproperlymonitorwhoispurchasingwhat.Anonymityhasbecomeaweaponinandofitself,and thishasalowedtheproliferationofIEDstoexpandbeyondtheboundariesofconflictregions,andthirdworld nations.
ThethreatposedbyIEDsisnolongerathirdworldproblem,it’severyone’sproblem.SeriousIEDatacks throughoutadvancednationsthroughoutEuropeandtheU.S.arerelativelyrare,however,therehavebeen somesignificantatacksinvolvingIEDsthroughoutthepastdecadeorso.InMarch2004therailwaywas atackedinMadrid,Spain.Theexplosionswerenearlysimultaneous,andobviouslycoordinated. The explosionskiled192peopleandinjuredaround2,000more.InJulyof2007,therewereseveralcoordinated suicideatacksagainstcommuterstravelingonthepublictransportsystem,inLondon,duringthemorning
hhour.Theatackskiled52civiliansandinjuredanother700.Furthermore,twobrothersatackedthe BostonMarathoninApril2013withtwopressure-cookertypeIEDs,whichkiledthreepeopleandinjured severalhundredmore(includingsixteenpeoplewholostlimbs).OverthespanofthreedaysinSeptember 2016,threeIEDsdetonatedandseveralotherswerelocatedinmultiplelocationsthroughoutNewJerseyand NewYorkCity.Themajorityofthedeviceswerepipebombsandataleastoneofthedevicesthatdetonated intheChelseasectionofNewYorkCitywasapressurecookerdevicesimilartothatoftheBostonMarathon
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AreportbytheNationalInstituteandCenterforInvestigativeReporting,dated2017,reviewedalteror relatedincidentsthattookplaceintheU.S.between2008and2016.Theresultsofthereviewindicatedthat therewere:63Islamicextremistrelatedevents(76% wereprevented,13% resultedinoneormorefatalities, 90totaldeaths),115Right-Winginspiredterorincidents(35% wereprevented,29% resultedinoneormore fa ta litie s , 7 9 to ta l d e a th s ), a n d 1 9 L e ft-W in g in s p ire d te r ro r in c id e n ts , in c lu d in g e c o -te r ro ris m (2 0 % w e re
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U .S . h a s s p e n t a lm o s t $ 2 0 b il lio n d o l la rs c o m b a tin g th e IE D th re a t, a n d th a t d o e s n ’t e v e n in c lu d e th e additional$45 bilion dolars thathave been spenton designing,researching,building,testing,and implementinganentirefour-servicewidefleetofmineresistantambushprotected(MRAP)vehicles.This ratioisnotsustainable,anditisunrealistic,andquitefrankly,wasteful,tocontinuetospendbilionsofdolars inanatempttodefeatathreatthatcoststheenemyonlytensorhundredsofdolars.ThePentagonbelieved ifbilionsofdolarsworthofgearandequipmentcouldnotsolvetheIED problem alone,thenperhaps
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TheU.S.hascreatedandstafedmultiplecounter-IEDdedicatedorganizationsthroughoutthedurationof
thewarsinIraqandAfghanistan.PerhapsthetwomostprevalentaretheCombinedExplosives
3 N e iw e rt, D . (2 0 1 7 , J u n e 2 2 ). H o m e Is W h e re th e H a te Is . R e trie v e d fro m h t tp s :/ /w w w .th e in v e s tig a tiv e fu n d .o rg /in v e s tig a tio n /2 0 1 7 /0 6 /2 2 /h o m e -h a te /
4 D O J , D H S R e p o rt: T h re e O u t o f F o u r In d iv id u a ls C o n v ic te d o f In te rn a tio n a l T e r ro ris m a n d T e r ro ris m -R e la te d O f fe n s e s w e re F o re ig n -B o rn . (2 0 1 8 , J a n u a ry 1 6 ). R e trie v e d fro m htps:/www.justice.gov/opa/pr/doj-dhs-report-three-out-four-individuals-convicted-international-terorism-and-terorism
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