Page 3 - ISLAM Rock n Roll

The gradual dissolution of the post-Mongol kingdoms from the 15th century onward would see the emergence of three new Early Modern dynastic empires: the Ottomans in the regions of the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian
Peninsula (1299–1923), the Safawids in Iran (1501–1722), known as Persia in the West, and the Mughals in India (1526–1857). All three would compete and cooperate internationally for supremacy in a world that was
increasingly dominated by the European powers. Their rulers w-ould also undertake to present themselves as legitimate Muslim leaders, the Ottomans as promoters of the Sunni tradition, the Safawids as promoters of the
Shi‘a Twelver tradition and the Mughals as decidedly Sunni but some of whom were also ecumenical, while all three would be in uenced by the mystical traditions of Su sm, which spread along the trade networks of
the Indian Ocean.
Qurʾanic inscriptions in the interior central dome of the Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya). Built as a church between 532–537, the building was transformed into a mosque by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet ii a er he conquered Constantinople in 1453.
Osman’s dream
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The origins of the rst and longest-lasting of these three dynasties, the Ottomans who were Hana Sunnis, lies
in 13th-century Anatolia, where Osman (d. 1323), a ghazi (frontier warrior) of Central Asian Turkic origin, was reported to have had a dream in the house of his Su spiritual master, Shaykh Edebali (d. 1326–7). In the dream, Osman saw the moon rise out of Edebali and enter his chest. A tree then sprouted from Osman’s navel, giving shade to the world, while people gathered around mountains and streams to drink and to water their gardens. The story of
this dream, interpreted by Edebali as a prophecy about Osman’s future greatness and his descendants as imperial rulers, was one of the founding myths of the Ottomans.
In the late 13th century, the Saljuqs of Rum lost their power a er having ruled Anatolia for more than two centuries. The lands of the Saljuqs, containing a mixed population which included Muslims, Christians, Jews, and Yazidis, now fragmented into a series of principalities (beyliks) that were ruled by tribal leaders such as Osman. Quickly overcoming competition for power in Anatolia, Osman
Imperial