Page 158 - Demo

3 Summary of V[stem]+ぷだぺ ... S+TMだぺ... S+ぷだぺ
V[stem] + そうだ: the speaker’s conjecture based on visual information, about... (i) what is going to happen
e.g., 臼てわアぷだぺ It looks like it’s going to rain. (ii) the current state of someone or something
e.g., ねよどまららでびぷだぺ These shoes look comfortable to wear.
□ This expression can be used only when the speaker directly observes something.
□ Although this expression is based on what the speaker sees or feels, it is merely his guess and the degree of certainty in his statement is fairly low.
□ Only verb stem or adjective stem can precede そうだ in this sense.
□ This form cannot be used to express the speaker’s conjecture concerning a past
event or state.
S + ようだ: the speaker’s conjecture based on reliable information, not limited to visual
information, involving the speaker’s reasoning process.
e.g., 臼てわィTMだぺ It seems that it’s going to rain.
□ The information comes from not only visual, but from other sources.
□ The degree of certainty is higher than S[stem]+そうだ.
□ Any type of direct style sentence (in its noun modification pattern) can precede TM
だぺ.
□ This form can be used to express the speaker’s conjecture concerning a past event or state.
S + そうだ: an expression of hearsay used when the speaker conveys information obtained from some source, either what the speaker heard or read, without altering it.
e.g., 臼てわィぷだぺ I heard that it’s going to rain.
□ No conjecture is involved.
□ The degree of certainty is higher.
□ Any type of direct style sentence (complete sentence pattern) can precede ぷだぺ because it simply corresponds to the content of what was said.
Lesson 16C Page 534