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claimed that accumulating evidence for internal validity demonstrating coherence for the structure of the syndrome was derived across the range of the instruments. None of the instruments mentioned in his review claimed to measure all elements of the syndrome and in many, the difficulty in operationalising some of those elements was offered by way of an explanation for this. With the benefit of hindsight one might question whether some of these are measures of dependence at all, and if they are, whether sufficient validation research commends their use. Furthermore, a retrospectively established correlation between dependence and other measures which lacks any analysis regarding the sequence of the factors being correlated provides insufficient evidence for predictive validity. In spite of these considerations there appears to be sufficient evidence for the predictive validity of the dependence construct and questionnaires designed to measure the construct are examined in the next chapter.
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