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Braking Action Code
              From data collected from operations on compacted snow and ice, an assessment

              table has been produced to relate to a measured braking co-efficient to an

              estimated braking action and hence to a simple code for braking action. It must
              be borne in mind that the description “good” is a comparative value and is

              intended to mean that aeroplanes should not experience directional control or

              braking difficulties when landing, but conditions would not be as good as on a
              clean, dry, runway.

              The measured co-efficient may be reported as a 2 digit code without the decimal.

                         Measured Co-efficient             Estimated                Code

                                                        Braking Action
                            0.40 and above                  Good                      5
                              0.39 - 0.36             Medium to good                  4

                              0.35 - 0.30                 Medium                      3
                              0.29 - 0.26              Medium to poor                 2
                            0.25 and below                  Poor                      1



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              7.  FAILURES AND EMERGENCIES

              As with any field of human endeavour flight operations do not always go according
              to plan.  In the worst case we may have to apply procedures designed to gain

              assistance in difficult situations. In this chapter we will consider communications

              failure and emergency procedures.


              7.1 COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE

              Breakdown of communications
              Occasionally (rarely) communication between aircraft and ground stations can

              break down. It could be that either party has a partial failure (receiver failed,

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