Page 127 - UKZN Proceedings of the Conference Report

inclusive outcomes is critical. Either shaping the mandates of existing institutions or creating new institutions is a challenge for governments. The role of the state is therefore central in this regard.
The starting point for policymakers is to define inclusive outcomes, followed by assessing alignment of current institutional arrangement with inclusive outcomes. The system of innovation, at the technological, sectoral, regional, and national level, emerged as a lens to deliver inclusive outcomes. Inclusive or not, innovation happens within a system. Participation of the currently excluded groups was noted to be important for innovation. They offer additional capacities and capabilities for innovation, while technology offers opportunities to scale the participation.
Conclusions
The difference between inclusive innovation and innovation for inclusive development is immaterial. The key is clearly defining inclusive outcomes, which must be looked at on a regular basis. While the important role of governance is clear, policymakers will need to experiment with different governance models to see which work best for certain inclusive outcomes.
The literature is unclear on the best starting point for policymakers. Inclusivity can be on the input and the output side of the innovation process. The input side ensures participation in developing innovation, while the output side ensures that technology, products and services cater for all in society. The input side requires capabilities for innovation, which take time to acquire. Further research is required, with a focus on finding the optimal balance for policymakers to consider.
Supplementary materials: No supplementary material. Statement on data availability: No data availability as it
is a desktop study.
funding: Not applicable.
declaration of interest: No interest to declare. author’s contribution: Single-authored paper. appendices: Not applicable.
references
Aanadon, L.D., Chan, G., Harley, A.G., Matus, K., Moon, S., Murthy, S.L. and Clark, W.C. 2016. Making technological innovation work for sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, pp. 9682-9690.
Athreye, S. and Sengupta, A. 2023. For Whom The Bell Tolls: Inclusive Innovation and Innovation Policy.
Baud, I. 2016. Moving towards inclusive development? Recent views on inequalities, frugal innovations, urban geo-technologies, gender and hybrid governance. The
European Journal of Development Research, 28, pp. 119-129.
Botha, L., Grobbelaar, S. and Bam, W. 2016. Towards a framework to guide the evaluation of inclusive innovation systems. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 27, pp. 64-78.
Botha, L., Grobbelaar, S. and Bam, W. 2019. Developing an evaluation framework for university-driven technology- based, innovation for inclusive development (UTI4ID) projects. Research Evaluation, 28, pp. 326-343.
Bryden, J., Gezelius, S. S., Refsgaard, K. and Sutz, J. 2017. Inclusive innovation in the bioeconomy: concepts and directions for research. Taylor and Francis.
Castañeda, W.L.R. 2019. Towards Inclusive Innovation Systems: The Role of the Excluded Groups.
Daniels, C.U., Ustyuzhantseva, O. and Yao, W. 2017. Innovation for inclusive development, public policy support and triple helix: perspectives from BRICS. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 9, pp. 513-527.
Duarte Alonso, A., Kok, S. K., O’brien, S. and O’shea, M. 2020. The significance of grassroots and inclusive innovation in harnessing social entrepreneurship and urban regeneration. European Business Review, 32, pp. 667-686.
Foster, C. and Heeks, R. 2013. Conceptualising inclusive innovation: Modifying systems of innovation frameworks to understand diffusion of new technology to low-income consumers. The European Journal of Development Research, 25, pp. 333-355.
Foster, C. and Heeks, R. 2015. Policies to support inclusive innovation. Development Informatics working paper.
Galego, D., Moulaert, F., Brans, M. and Santinha, G. 2022. Social innovation and governance: a scoping review. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 35, pp. 265-290.
Grobbelaar, S. 2022. Learning from each other: lessons from innovation for inclusive development literature. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 50, pp. 71-78.
Gupta, J. and Vegelin, C. 2016. Sustainable development goals and inclusive development. International environmental agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16, pp. 433-448.
Habiyaremye, A., Kruss, G. and Booyens, I. 2020. Innovation for inclusive rural transformation: The role of the state. London: Taylor and Francis.
Heeks, R., Foster, C. and Nugroho, Y. 2014. New models of inclusive innovation for development. London: Taylor and Francis.
Hossain, M. 2018. Adoption of open innovation by small firms to develop frugal innovations for inclusive
Proceedings of the conference on Public innovation, develoPment and sustainability | 125