Page 4 - Aerotech News and Review, July 19, 2019

APOLLO, from 3
first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon – if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.”
The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: Project Apollo. An early and crucial decision was choosing lunar orbit ren- dezvous over both direct ascent and Earth orbit rendezvous. A space rendezvous is an orbital maneuver in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up. In July 1962, NASA head James Webb announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used and that the Apollo spacecraft would have three major parts: a command module with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module, which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module that had two stages — a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. This design meant that the spacecraft could be launched by a single Saturn V rocket that was then under development.
Technologies and technics required for Apollo were developed by Project Gemini. Project Apollo was temporarily halted by the Apollo 1 fire on Jan. 27, 1967, in which astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a “dress rehearsal” in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.
The Soviet Union competed with the United States in the Space Race, but its early lead was lost through repeated failures in develop- ment of the N1 launcher, which was comparable to the Saturn V. The Soviets tried to beat the U.S. to return lunar material to the Earth by means of uncrewed probes. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11’s launch, the Soviet Union launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon’s surface to begin voyage home. The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.
NASA photograph
The Apollo 11 crew leaves Kennedy Space Center’s Manned Spacecraft Operations Building during the pre-launch countdown. Mission commander Neil Armstrong, command module pilot Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin prepare to ride the special transport van to Launch Complex 39A where their spacecraft awaited them.
Personnel
The initial crew assignment of Commander Neil Armstrong, Com- mand Module Pilot Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on Nov. 20, 1967. Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of
Gemini 12. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong’s crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew ro-
See APOLLO, Page 5
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