Page 60 - Knowledge Organiser Yr9 24-25

Knowledge Base: Geography The Restless Planet Year 9 | Autumn Term
2. Volcanoes and earthquakes
2.1
composite
A steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash.
1. Structure of the Earth and plate boundaries
1.1 crust
1.2 plate
The outermost layer of the Earth.
A moving section of the earth’s crust.
1.3
mantle
The dense, mostly solid layer of the earth between the outer core and the crust.
1.4
convection currents
The circular currents of heat in the mantle.
1.5
core of the Earth
A liquid outer and solid inner core at the centre of the Earth composed of iron.
1.6
destructive boundary
Where two plates are moving towards each other resulting in one plate sinking beneath the other.
1.7
constructive boundary
Where two plates are moving apart.
1.8
subduction
When oceanic crust sinks under continental crust at a destructive margin.
1.9
conservative boundary
Where two plates are sliding alongside each other. Neither creating nor destroying the crust.
2.2 shield
2.3 super volcano
2.4 magnitude
2.5 focus
2.6 epicentre
A gentle sloped volcano that is mostly made up of lava.
A massive volcano that erupts at least 1,000km3 of material.
The energy released by an earthquake.
The point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake begins.
The point at the earth’s surface directly above the focus.
2.7
Richter scale
A scale ranging from 0-10 used for measuring earthquakes, based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement.
2.8
Mercalli scale
A means of measuring earthquakes by describing and comparing the damage done.
2.9
tsunami
A special type of wave where an event, often an earthquake, displaces the entire depth of the water above it.
4. Responses
4.1
response
What people do either before, during or after an event to reduce the negative effects.
4.2
immediate responses
How people react during a disaster and straight afterwards. e.g. Nepal 2015 = 1⁄2 million tents from UNICEF.
4.3
long term responses
Later reactions that happen in the weeks, months and years after the event. e.g. Stricter building codes after Nepal 2015.
3. Effects (impacts)
3.1 effect
3.4 social
3.5 economic
3.6 environmental
What happens as a result of an event.
Affects how people relate to each other.
Affects how people make money.
Affects our physical surroundings.
3.2
primary effect
The immediate effects of a hazard, caused directly by it. e.g. Nepal 2015 = 9,000 deaths.
3.3
secondary effect
The after effects that occur as an indirect effect of a hazard on a longer timescale. e.g. Nepal 2015 = loss of tourism.
5. Managing the risk of living in a tectonic area
5.1
preparing
How people organise themselves and their society in expectation of a hazard event.
5.2
protecting
How a people design buildings and infrastructure to be safer in the event of a hazard.
5.3
predicting
Using available evidence to try and say when and where a hazardous event will happen to reduce damage.
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