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玻璃 Glass
玻璃是一種呈玻璃態的无定形体,熔解的玻璃經過迅速冷卻而成形,雖為 固態,但各分子因沒有足夠時間形成晶體,仍凍結在液態的分子排布狀 態。
玻璃一般而言是透明、脆性、不透氣、並具一定硬度的物料。最常見的玻 璃是鈉鈣玻璃,包括75%的二氧化硅(SiO2)、由碳酸鈉中製備的氧化
鈉(Na2O)以及氧化鈣(CaO)及其他添加物。玻璃在日常环境中呈化 学惰性,亦不會與生物起作用。玻璃一般不溶于酸(例外:氢氟酸与玻璃
反应生成SiF4,从而导致玻璃的腐蚀);但溶于强碱,例如氫氧化銫。
因為玻璃透明的特性,因此有許多不同的應用,其中一個主要應用是作建 築中的透光材料,一般是在牆上窗戶的開口安裝小片的玻璃(玻璃窗), 但二十世紀的許多大樓會用玻璃為其側面的包覆,即玻璃幕牆大樓,這種 現代的玻璃已經具有防破裂的能力而被廣為應用,更新款的加入防鳥類撞 擊的設計。玻璃可以反射及折射光線,而且藉由切割或是拋光,可以提昇 其反射或折射的能力,因此可以作透鏡、三稜鏡、其至高速傳輸用的光 纖。玻璃中若加入金屬鹽類,其顏色會改變,玻璃本身也可以上色,因此 可以用玻璃製作藝術品,包括著名的花窗玻璃。
Glass is a non-crystalline, amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative uses in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of manufactured glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide
(Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide (CaO), also called lime, and several minor additives.