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environment or psychological factors, but for the most part it appears that the adjustment at lower levels of development significantly and profoundly influences the way an organism unfolds, develops and evolves.
In the animal kingdom, for instance, the embryo in its individual development reenacts the evolutionary process by moving through stages of lower life forms until reaching the characteristic body configuration of its phylum and species: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This same scheme of evolution from the primitive and less differentiated to the more complex and higher-functioning is seen in our psychological development. The development of mind and the particular ways in which the organism relates its inborn needs to environmental demands and conditions is described in psychoanalysis in terms of stages of development. For instance, the development of object relationships is broken down into five stages:
FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS
(1) Autoerotic, from birth until about three years of age; (2) narcissistic, from three to six years of age; (3) homoerotic, from six years until puberty; (4) heteroerotic, during adolescence; and (5) alloerotic, the stage of maturity.
The development of the vicissitudes, or changes of the innate impulses and drives in relation to reality, are described as occurring in three stages:
(1) Pre-superego sexuality, from birth until about six years of age, including: (a) oral phase from birth until two years, (b) anal phase from two until about four, and (c) phallic, from two until about six; (2) latency, from six years until puberty; and (3) genitality.
ERIKSON
Erik H. Erikson defined “Eight Stages of Man” or of man’s psycho-social development. Again, from the more primitive stages to the more developed they are:
(1) Trust versus Mistrust, which extends through the first year of life and corresponds to Freud’s oral stage;