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of五g町 e8(a). Figure9showstwoschematicil1us仕ationsofgasandliquidflowstructures obtaiuedbyfigure8. ComparisonofFigures6(b)to6(c)andFigures7(b)to7(c)sugest也at roughlya60to70percentcorelationbetwen2-Dliquid-flowvectorand2-Dgas-flowvector foreachcase. Thisindicatesthatthegasf10wneartheliquidsurfaceisinf1uencedbythe1iquid s ' u r f a c e - f l o w t h a t is s 仕 o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e l i q u i d s u r f a c e t e m p e r a 旬 r e n e 紅 t h e f1 a m e l e a d i n g edge.
Figure9(b)， asideviewofliquidandgasflowprofiles，showstheformationoftwinvortex，one intheliquidandtheotherinthegasandeachcirculatesintheopositedirectionsugesting組 interactionbetweentheliquidflowandthegasflow. Wespecu1:atetheliquidconvectionasthe maincauseforthisinteractionbecauseboththeinerliaforceandthesensitiveheat(thermal 泊ertia)ofliquidaremuchgreaterthanthoseofthegas. Inourforthcomiugpapぽ [13]，weshow experimentaldatathatdemonstrateas廿ongcorelationbetwentheprofilesofgas-phase白 el同 vaporconcen仕ationandtheliquidsurfacetempera加re，anotherevidencethatthepulsating spreadiscon仕ol1edbythe1iquidconvection.
CONCLUDINGREMARKS
(1)Wefoundtwincirculationcel1sexistedin也eliquidasthemirorimageofthegas-.phase- flows仕 uc加 re. OurLSPTrevealedtheflowprofilesbothingasandliquidaheadofthef1ame tohaveacomplex3-Dstructure. Underthemicrogravity，theliquidconvectionobservedin 出ispaperwon'texist，becausealongerpreheatlengthaheadofflamenedstokepthe flametospread.
(2)Thethermocapilaryforceintheliquidphasecanafecttheairflow五eldwi出inaheightof ap proximately1.5-mmabovethefuelsurface. Theairflow，whichmovesover1.5m mabove the五lel、surface，isafectedbytheshapeoftheflame企ont. If吐leflame企ontiss戸田netric， theairalsomovessymetricaly. However，if也efl出 ne企ontisasymetric，theairprefers to.moveinthedirectionofthepro廿udingsideoftheflame. Intheliquidphase， 同o circulationcelsareformedasthemirorimageofthegas-phase-f1owstructure.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thiss伽dywasco叩 onsoredby.theKentucky-NASAEPSCoRProgram(NCCW-60)，the JapaneseMinis仕yofEducation(Grants-in-aidsforIntemationalScientificResearch)，andthe CenterforManufacturingSystemsattheUniversityofKentucky. WewishtoacknowledgeH，. RossandF.MilerofNASALewisResearchCenterforvaluabletechnicaldiscusionsonflame spreadandtheparticle甘ackingsysteni.