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1 Special thanks to Darryl Leung of the Ai Weiwei studio.
2 University of the Witwatersrand. “New research reveals earliest directly dated rock
paintings from southern Africa.” ScienceDaily (1 June 2017): n.p., http://www.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170601124100.htm.
3 For Sennacherib’s conquest of Babylon, see A.K. Grayson, “Sennacherib and
Esarhaddon,” in The Cambridge Ancient History, III.2, eds. John Boardman, I.E.S. Edwards, N.G. L. Hammond, E. Sollberger, and C. B. F. Walker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 103–109. For Nebuchadnezzar’s New Babylon, see D.J. Wiseman, “Babylonia, 605-559 BC,” in the same volume, Boardman et. al., 236–239.
4 Botticelli’s posthumous portrait of Giuliano de’ Medici (National Gallery of Art, Washington) shows the murdered lord in front of a half-open door, a common feature on Etruscan funerary urns that symbolized the entrance to the Land of the Dead; for Giuliano, of course, the doorway also marked the threshold that would lead his soul to Christian salvation. The hook-nosed blue Zephyr on the right-hand edge of Botticelli’s Primavera mimics the skin color and physiognomy of an Etruscan death demon, while the languid, sexy Venus of his Mars and Venus reclines in the same position and the same clothing as the women who appear atop Etruscan sarcophagi; see I.D. Rowland, “The Etruscans: Mastering the Delicate Art of Living,” Archaeology Odyssey, 1:3 (Summer 1998).
5 See the following articles from The Guardian online international edition: Ruth Maclean,“Desecrated but still majestic: inside Palmyra after second Isis occupa- tion.” (March 9, 2017),https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/09/in- side-palmyra-syria-after-second-isis-islamic-state-occupation; Alex Duval Smith, “Life in Timbuktu: how the ancient city of gold is slowly turning to dust” (September 16, 2014), https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/16/-sp-life-timbuktu-mali-ancient-city- gold-slowly-turning-to-dust; Monica Mark, “Malian Islamists attack world heritage site mosques in Timbuktu.” (July 2, 2012), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/ jul/02/mali-islamists-attack-world-heritage-mosques-timbuktu; Ai Weiwei, “Ai Weiwei: The artwork that made me the most dangerous person in China.” (February 15, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/feb/15/ai-weiwei-remembe- ring-sichuan-earthquake.
6 Roxane Witke, “Special Section: Comrade Chiang Ch’ing Tells Her Story.” TIME (March 21, 1977). See also Jiaqi Yan and Gao Gao, Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution, translated and edited by D. W. Y. Kwok, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1996), 406-407. Jiang Qing tried to promote a “historically based” shirtwaist dress in 1974. See also ed. Sun Xi, “Fashion in 1970s China: An Opening Door.” Historical Changes in Chinese Women website (April 9, 2012), http://www. womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/special/14/13-1.htm. See also Ross Terrill, Madame Mao, the “White-Boned Demon”, Revised edition, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 184, 283-4, 294.
7 Ai Weiwei and Olafur Eliasson collaborated on the project Moon from 2013 to 2017: see www.moonmoonmoonmoon.com. See also Robin Cembalist, “How Ai Weiwei and Olafur Eliasson got 35,000 People to Draw on the Moon.” Artnews (December 19, 2013), http://www.artnews.com/2013/12/19/how-ai-weiwei-and-olafur-eliasson- got-35000-people-to-draw-on-the-moon/
8 Personal communication from Darryl Leung, Ai Weiwei studio.
9 Manya Koetse, “Coca Cola in China: ‘Not a Single Bottle of Coke Should Be Sold to
Chinese’,” What’s On Weibo (September 24, 2015), https://www.whatsonweibo.
com/coca-cola-in-china/
10 Karen Yuan, “In Awful Act of Protest, Florida Artist Smashes Ancient Ai Weiwei Vase
Worth $1 Million,” Mic, (February 18, 2014), https://mic.com/articles/82631/ in-awful-act-of-protest-florida-artist-smashes-ancient-ai-weiwei-vase-worth-1-million#. zdgQNwKd2
11 Ai Weiwei, interview with Robert Bernett, in ed. John Clark, Chinese Art at the End of the Millennium (Hong Kong: New Art Media, 2000), 176-78.
12 Jorge Luis Borges, “Pierre Ménard, Autor del Quixote,” in Ficciones, first published 1939.
13 Personal communication, Darryl Leung, Ai Weiwei studio.
14 Gregg Moore and Richard Torchia, “Doing Ceramics,” in ed. Joseph N. Newland,
Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn, Ceramic Works, 5000 BCE–2010 CE (Glenside, PA:
Arcadia University Art Gallery and Office for Discourse Engineering, 2010), 11.
15 Garth Clark, “Mind Mud: Ai Weiwei’s Conceptual Ceramics.” Ceramics in America
(2011).
16 Philip Tinari, “Postures in Clay,” in ed. Philip Tinari, Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn, 29. 17 Michael Prodger, “Ai Weiwei—from criminal to art-world superstar.” The Guardian
(September 12, 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/12/
ai-weiwei-exhibition-royal-academy-from-criminal-to-art-world-superstar.
18 Glenn Adamson, “The Real Thing,” in ed. Newland, Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn, 53, and Dario Gamboni, “Portrait of the Artist as an Iconoclast,” also in ed. Newland,
89-90.
19 Regina Krahl, “Kangxi Porcelain: A History.” Sotheby’s sale catalogue (February
2014), http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/2014/kangxi-porcelain-n09110/
kangxi-porcelain/2014/02/kangxi-porcelain-a-.html
20 “Ai Weiwei Gives World his Middle Finger,” Public Delivery, Seoul, Korea [online]
https://publicdelivery.org/ai-weiwei-study-of-perspective/ 21 Ibid.
22 Drew Kumpf, “This Week in China.” Foreign Policy (May 28, 2008), https:// foreignpolicy.com/2008/05/28/this-week-in-china-25/
23 Ai Weiwei, “Ai Weiwei: The artwork that made me the most dangerous person in China.” The Guardian international online edition (Feb 15, 2018), https://www. theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/feb/15/ai-weiwei-remembering-sichuan- earthquake
24 Katherine Grube, “Ai Weiwei Challenges China’s Government Over Earthquake.” ArtAsiaPacific, no. 64 (July/August 2009), http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/64/ AiWeiweiChallengesChinasGovernmentOverEarthquake
25 The notorious exhibition of Entartete Kunst, the “Degenerate Art” of the National Socialist Regime, took place not here, but at the neighboring Hofgarten. See “Chronicle of Haus der Kunst.” Haus der Kunst website, https://hausderkunst.de/en/history/ chronical#chapter1/
26 China “Patriot” Sabotages Auction, BBC News (March 2, 2009), http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7918128.stm
27 Barbara Demick, “Bronze Heads Gnaw at China,” Los Angeles Times (February 24, 2009).
28 Susan Delson, ed., Ai Weiwei: Circle of Animals (Munich: Prestel, 2011).
29 Terril Yue Jones, “Two bronze animal heads, stolen 153 years ago, returned to China,” Reuters (June 28, 2013), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china- sculptures/two-bronze-animal-heads-stolen-153-years-ago-returned-to-china-
idUSBRE95R0HW20130628
30 He strongly identifies as a refugee himself after his childhood in exile; “The Refugee
Crisis Isn’t About Refugees, It’s About Us.” The Guardian, (February 2, 2018), https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/02/refugee-crisis-human-flow-ai- weiwei-china.
31 Philippe Dagen, “Anne et Patrick Poirier, d’une même voix.” Le Monde (August 7, 2018), https://www.lemonde.fr/series-d-ete-2018-long-format/article/2018/08/07/ anne-et-patrick-poirier-d-une-meme-voix_5340216_5325928.html
32 Charles Green, The Third Hand: Collaboration in Art from Conceptualism to Postmodernism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), 75-76.
33 Dawn Hoskin, “The Rejected Divorce Gift and The Egyptian Pharaoh.” V & A Blog (April 1, 2015), https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/creating-new-europe-1600-1800-gal- leries/the-rejected-divorce-gift-the-egyptian-pharaoh. In 1818 Louis XVIII gave the ser- vice to Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington in thanks for defeating Napoleon and paving his own way to the throne of France; it passed to the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1979.
34 Maurizio Calvesi and Teresa Emanuele, eds., Igor Mitoraj, Parco Archeologico Valle dei Templi, Agrigento (Rome: Il Cigno GG Edizioni, 2011); Monica Cucchiara, Igor Mitoraj, Arte e Mito nella Valle dei Templi (Palermo: Progetto Accademia, 2018).
35 “Ivan Theimer: la foresta di obelischi,” Zoomedia.it, http://www.zoomedia.it/Firenze/ eventi/palazzo_pitti/boboli/ivan_theimer/index.html
52
Anne and Patrick Poirier Domus Aurea (detail), 1975–1978 Frac Bretagne Collection
Following double page Installation view of Ai Weiwei: Life Cycle, Marciano Art Foundation, Los Angeles, 2018