Page 82 - ro membanes

CHAPTER
4
Saline Water Intakes and Pretreatment
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Subsurface Intakes 66
4.2.1 Vertical Wells 67
4.2.2 Horizontal Ranney Wells 69
4.2.3 Horizontal Directionally Drilled
Wells 70
4.2.4 Infiltration Galleries 73
4.2.5 Feasibility Considerations for
Subsurface Intakes 74
4.2.5.1 Intake Site Location
and Configuration 74
4.2.5.2 Need for Additional Pretreatment of
Subsurface Intake Water 78
4.2.5.3 Source-Water Quality
Variation 79
4.2.5.4 Oxygen Concentration
of Plant Discharge 81
4.2.6 Subsurface
IntakesdEnvironmental Impacts
and Mitigation Measures 82
4.2.7 Construction Costs of
Subsurface Intakes 82
4.3 Open Intakes 83
4.3.1 Onshore Open Intakes 83
4.3.2 Offshore Open Intakes 84
4.3.3 Colocated Intakes 86
4.3.4 Selection of Open-Intake Type 88
4.3.5 Feasibility Considerations for
Open Intakes 89
4.3.5.1 Intake Site Location
and Configuration 89
4.3.5.2 Inlet Screens 90
4.3.5.3 Inlet Materials 90
4.3.6 Feasibility Considerations for Colocated Intakes 90
4.3.7 Open IntakesdEnvironmental Impacts and Mitigation
Measures 91
4.3.8 Construction Costs of Open
References
4.3.8.1 Costs of Onshore
Intakes 92
4.3.8.2 Costs of Offshore
Intakes 92
94
Intakes
92
OUTLINE
Pretreatment for Reverse Osmosis Desalination
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809953-7.00004-8 65 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.