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the help of some manipulation and rce.
At rst Mussolini was popular. He established o er, increased indus­
trial production, thereby ending une loyment, and gave the Italians pride in eir country. He increased his popularity with the 1929 Lateran a , granting the Pope his own independent territory, Vatican City, and ending the Pope's status as Prisoner of the Vatican. Gradually, though, Mussolini's rule became increasingly despotic, and Pope Pius XI w te an en clical condemning the scists r their pagan values.
The Rise of Hitler
The Versailles Trea le enormous resentment in Germany, which had lost 70, squa kilometers of territory and 6, 0,000 inhabitants and s charged with repa tions totaling 132 billion gold marks. The rst gove ment a er the overthrow of the monarchy was socialist and could ba ly keep order. The Communist rty gained llowers and stirred up violence in the stree . The January 1919 elections set up the Weimar Republic, a weak, liberal gove ment. The constitution included a clause which permit d the chancellor to rule by decree (without consulting parlia­ ment) "if public order and security a seriously disturbed or endan­ gered..." Food was scarce and jobs scarcer. Run in ation dest yed the s ings of the middle and upper classes.
In September 1919 Adolf Hitler joined the small German Workers rty in Munich. He was a good organizer and speaker and built up the party, changing its name to National Socialist German Wor rs rty, or Nazi r short. The Nazi beliefs re militaristic, nationalistic, pagan, anti-semitic, and anti-Catholic. In October 1923 the Nazis attempted to take over the gove ent of B ria in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch. The attempt was t rted, and Hitler was put into jail, where he remained r 264 days. W hile in jail, he w te in Kampf (My St ggle), outlining the situation then ced by Germany and his political philosop and strategy.
When he was released om prison, Hitler began rebuilding the Nazi rty. Gradually the Nazis made gains in the elections. Hitler used modem campaigning chniques: lms, records, radio, lea ets, ai lanes. Bet en elections, the Nazis stirred up violence against the Communists, bec se support r the Nazis increased as disorder increased, since the Nazis promised a strong and orderly gove ent. The main support r the Nazis came om the middle classes, sick of the in ation of the Weimar Republic, tired of instability and disorder, and sent l of the he y punishments in­ ic d upon Germany a er World War I. Hitler was a power l speaker