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Chapter 30 | Atomic Physics 1331
30 ATOMIC PHYSICS
Figure 30.1 Individual carbon atoms are visible in this image of a carbon nanotube made by a scanning tunneling electron microscope. (credit: Taner Yildirim, National Institute of Standards and Technology, via Wikimedia Commons)
Chapter Outline
30.1. Discovery of the Atom
30.2. Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei 30.3. Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4. X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5. Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations 30.6. The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.7. Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8. Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9. The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Connection for AP® Courses
Have you ever wondered how we know the composition of the Sun? After all, we cannot travel there to physically collect a sample due to the extreme conditions. Fortunately, our understanding of the internal structure of atoms gives us the tools to identify the elements in the Sun’s outer layers due to an atomic “fingerprint” in the Sun’s spectrum. You will learn about atoms and their substructures, as well as how these substructures determine the behavior of the atom, such as the absorption and emission of energy by electrons within an atom.
You will learn the stories of how we discovered the various properties of an atom (Essential Knowledge 1.A.4) through clever and imaginative experimentation (such as the Millikan oil drop experiment) and interpretation (such as Brownian motion). You will also learn about the probabilistic description we use to describe the nature of electrons (Essential Knowledge 7.C.1). At this scale, electrons can be thought of as discrete particles, but they also behave in a way that is consistent with a wave model of matter (Enduring Understanding 7.C). You will learn how we use the wave model to understand the energy levels in an atom (Essential Knowledge 7.C.2) and the properties of electrons.
The content in this chapter supports:
Big Idea 1 Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure.
Enduring Understanding 1.A The internal structure of a system determines many properties of the system.
Essential Knowledge 1.A.4 Atoms have internal structures that determine their properties.
Essential Knowledge 1.A.5 Systems have properties determined by the properties and interactions of their constituent atomic and molecular substructures.
Enduring Understanding 1.B Electric charge is a property of an object or system that affects its interactions with other objects or systems containing charge.
Essential Knowledge 1.B.3 The smallest observed unit of charge that can be isolated is the electron charge, also known as the elementary charge.
Big Idea 5 Changes that occur as a result of interactions are constrained by conservation laws. Enduring Understanding 5.B The energy of a system is conserved.