Page 109 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford

2 be, do and have
Be is added to other verbs to make progressive and passive forms. Is it raining? She was imprisoned for three years.
Do is used to make questions, negatives and emphatic forms of non-auxiliary verbs.
Do you smoke? It didn't matter. Do come in. Have is used to make perfect forms.
What have you done? I realised that I hadn't turned the lights off.
See the Index for details of entries on these forms and their uses, and on non-auxiliary uses of be, do and have.
3 modal auxiliary verbs
The verbs will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must and ought are usually called 'modal auxiliary verbs'. They are used with other verbs to add various meanings, mostly to do with certainty or obligation.
She may be on holiday.
You must write to Uncle Arthur.
For details, see 353-354 and the entries for each verb.
4 other verb + verb structures
Other verbs (e.g. seem) which are used in verb + verb structures are not usually called 'auxiliary verbs'. One important difference is grammatical. In auxiliary verb structures, questions and negatives are made without do; in other verb + verb structures the auxiliary do has to be added to the first verb. Compare:
- She ought to understand. Ought she to understand?
- She seems to understand. Does she seem to understand?
- He is swimming.
He is not swimming
- He likes swimming.
He doesn't Uke swimming.
86 (a)wake and (a)waken 1 use
Wake is the most common of these four verbs. It can mean 'stop sleeping' or 'make (somebody else) stop sleeping'. It is often followed by up, especially when it means 'stop sleeping'.
I woke up three times in the night.
Wake up! It's time to go to work. (NOT Wakif! ...) Could you wake me (up) at halfpast six?
Waken is a more literary alternative to wake (up). The princess did not waken for a hundred years. Then the prince wakened her with a kiss.
Awake and awaken are also rather literary words. They can be used to mean 'wake (up)', but are more often used figuratively, to talk not about waking from sleep, but about the waking of emotions, understanding etc.
I slowly awoke to the danger that threatened me.
At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke.
The smell ofher perfume awakened the gipsy's desire.
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