Page 311 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford

3 progressive verbs
inversion (1): auxiliary verb before subject 302
Present participles are also used to make progressive verb forms. It's raining. (present progressive)
She arrived just when I was leaving. (past progressive)
For details of progressive forms, see 470 and the separate entries on the present progressive, past progressive etc.
301 instead of
1 preposition: instead of
Instead is not used alone as a preposition; we use the two words instead oj. I'll have tea instead ofcoffee, please. (NOT ••• iltstettti reffee ...)
Can you work with Sally instead ofme today, please?
Instead ofis not usually followed by an infinitive.
I stayed in bed all day instead ofgoing to work. (NOT ••• instetttl tt/(t6J g6 re
W6r4e.)
2 instead of and without
Instead suggests that one person, thing or action replaces another. Without suggests that one person, thing etc is not together with another. Compare:
- Ruth was invited to the reception, but she was ill, so Lou went instead ofher.
(Lou replaced Ruth.) (NOT •.• &lIt ~t wit.'i6ltt her.)
Max and Jake were invited, but Max was ill, so Jake went without him.
(Normally they would have gone together.)
- She often goes swimming instead ofgoing to schooL. (Swimming replaces
school.) (N OT She ttftell tt;6€S swimmillg with6ltt gBil'ltt; re sehB61.)
She often goes swimming without telling her mother. (Swimming and telling her mother should go together.) (NOT She ttjten g6€S swimming imtet:ttl ttj
telling he#' m6thu.)
3 adverb: instead
Instead (without oft is an adverb. It usually begins or ends a clause. She didn't go to Greece after aLL Instead, she went to America. Don't marry Phil. Marry me instead.
302 inversion (1): auxiliary verb before subject
We put an auxiliary verb (and non-auxiliary have and be) directly before the subject of a clause in several different structures.
1 questions
Have your father and mother arrived? (NOT galle afflfltltl yBltt' Jilthet' alta n16ther7)
Where is the concert taking place? (NOT Yniere is taking plttee the lxmeert?) (NOT l"lhere the e61reert is Mkilltt; plttee?)
Spoken questions do not always have this word order (see 481).
You're coming tomorrow?
Indirect questions do not usually have this order (see 276).
I wondered what time thefilm was starting. (NOT ••• whtlt time ftItt3 thefllm
sMfflng.)
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