Page 408 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford

4 questions
The nonnal question fonns of ought are rather formal. In an infonnal style they are often avoided, for example by using a structure with think . .. ought or by using should.
Do you think we ought to go now? (Less fonnal than Ought we to ...?) Should we go now?
5 ought to have ...
Ought has no past form, but we can use ought to have + past participle to talk about things which were supposed to happen but did not.
I ought to have phoned Ed this morning, but I forgot. (NOT .' BUght tB phBne Ed this 1'/tBrning, hut:JV:JrgBt.)
The structure can also be used to make guesses or draw conclusions about things which are not certain to have happened.
Bill ought to have got back home yesterday. Has anybody seen him?
It is also possible to talk about things that ought to have happened by now, or by a future time.
Ten o'clock. She ought to have arrived at her office by now.
We ought to have finished painting the house by the end of next week.
6 word order
Mid-position adverbs like always, never, really (see 24) can go before or after ought in a verb phrase. The position before ought is less fonnal.
You always ought to carry some spare money. (less formal)
You ought always to carry some spare money. (more fonnal) In negative clauses, not comes before to.
You ought not to go. I You oughtn't to go. (NOT ¥au Bught tB nBt gB.)
404 out of
1 movement
The opposite of the preposition into is out of.
She ran out ofthe room. (NOT She Mn 6Ut the 1'(jB11i. OR She Mtl ButfrBm
the '86"1~)
I took Harry's letter out ofmy pocket.
Out ofis also used to mean 'through', when we mention the opening through which somebody/something goes out.
I walked out o f the front door without looking back.
Why did you throw the paper out ofthe window?
In American English, out is nonnally used without o f in this case.
She turned and went out the back door. (AmE)
2 position
Out ofcan also be used to talk about position - the opposite of in. I'm afraid Mr Pallery is out of the office at the moment.
For into and in, see 269.
out of 404
page 376