Page 537 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford

sentence structure (7): understanding complicated structures 515
It is possible to 'announce' the subject with a pronoun, and put the full subject in a tag.
He hasn't a chance, Fred. He likes his beer, John.
They're very polite, your children.
In sentences like these, we often drop the pronoun at the beginning.
Hasn't a chance, Fred. Likes his beer, John. We can also drop an unstressed form of be.
Very polite, your children.
Living in the clouds, you lot. Crazy, that driver.
The tag can repeat the verb by using an auxiliary.
(He) hasn't a chance, Fred hasn't.
(He) likes his beer, John does.
(She) really got on my nerves, Sylvia did.
3 emphasising tags: You've gone mad, you have
Sometimes a tag gives no new information, but simply repeats and emphasises the subject and verb.
You've gone mad, you have.
I'm getting fed up, I am. He likes his beer, he does.
Pronouns are not usually used alone in tags, except for reflexives. (I) don't think much ofthe party, myself.
For more about dropping words ('eUipsis') at the beginning of a sentence, see 179.
For other uses of tags and similar structures, see 487-488 (question tags), 484 (reply questions)
and 517 (short answers).
515 sentence structure (7):
understanding complicated structures
1 clause inside clause: Ann, when she finally ...
Sometimes an adverb clause is put into the middle of another clause,
separating a subject from its verb.
subject + iflwhenlafterlbecause ... + verb
n ,when shefinally managed to go to Sleep,Sa series ofbad dreams.
The overnment ifrecent reports can be trusted.8 decided not to raise interest rates.
In these structures. a noun may not be the subject of a verb that comes just after it.
Mr Andrews, when he saw the policeman, started running as fast as he could. (It was not the policeman who started running.)
Sentences like these can be hard for learners to understand. especially if they are long and complicated.
Mr Fisher, after he had completed his discussions with the bank manager, drew a large sum ofmoney out of the bank and caught the next plane ~
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