Page 65 - Practical English Usage 3ed - Michael Swan, Oxford

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all (4): all, everybody/everyone and everything all and everybody/everyone
We do not nonnally use all without a noun to mean 'everybody'. Compare: All the people stood up.
Everybody/Everyone stood up. (NOT All sttJtJd ftfJ.)
all and everything
All can mean 'everything', but usually only in the structure aU + relative clause (all that . ..). Compare:
- AU (that) I have is yours. (NOT AU whttt l ,'uwe ...)
Everything is yours. (NOT All is 16ft'S.)
- She lost all (that) she owned.
She lost everything. (NOT She itJSt ttll.)
This structure often has a rather negative meaning, expressing ideas like 'nothing more' or 'the only thing(s)'.
This is all I've got. All [ want is a place to sit down. All that happened was that he went to sleep.
Note also That's all (= It's finished; There's no more). older English
In older English, all could be used alone to mean 'everybody' or 'everything' (e.g. Tell me all; All is lost, AU are dead). This only happens regularly in modern English in dramatic contexts like newspaper headlines (e.g. SPY TELLS ALL).
all and every
All and every can both be used to talk about people or things in general, or about all the members of a group. There is little difference of meaning; every often suggests 'without exception'. The two words are used in different structures.
every with singular nouns; all with plurals
Ellery is used with a singular noun. To give the same meaning, all is used with a plural noun. Compare:
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Every child needs lolle. (NOT l,ll child needs Wife.) All children need love.
Every Ught was out.
All (oj) the lights were out.
every not used with determiners
We can use all (oft, but not nonnally every, with certain determiners (articles, possessives or demonstratives). Compare:
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All (oj) the plates were broken.
Every plate was broken. (NOT Elfery the plttte / The ellery plttte ...)
I'lle written to all (oj) my friends.
I've written to everyfriend I have. (NOT ••• elfery rnyfrietttl/ rn,efje" fri:entL)
all and every 39
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