Page 220 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

To Greenland 985
ICELAND
North Sea
Faeroes Shetlands 800
VIKINGS
Aachen
Novgorod
IRELAND 839
WESSEX
NORMANDY
Atlantic Lechfeld MAGYARS 896–911
Kiev
883
Ocean
Bordeaux
Marseilles Barcelona
R.
895
Thessalonika 904
Crete
Sea of Azov
Santiago
Lisbon 844
Corsica Balearics Sardinia
Rome
846 827
Sicily
941
907 Black
866 Sea Constantinople
842
Attack routes
Vikings Magyars Muslims
MUSLIMS
Mediterranean Sea
0 0
400
800
1,200 Kilometers 800 Miles
400
MAP 8.2 Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Attacks by invading Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims terrorized much of Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries, disrupting economic activity and spurring the development of fief-holding. The Vikings were the biggest problem, but they eventually formed settlements, converted to Christianity, and were assimilated.
Q Why was it important for the marauding Vikings to build sound boats and develop good seafaring skills?
their behavior to appease God’s anger, as in this ser- mon by an English archbishop in 1014:
Things have not gone well now for a long time at home or abroad, but there has been devastation and persecution in every district again and again, and the English have been for a long time now completely defeated and too greatly disheartened through God’s anger; and the pirates [Vikings] so strong with God’s consent that often in battle one puts to flight ten, and sometimes less, sometimes more, all because of our sins.... We pay them continually and they humiliate us daily; they ravage and they burn, plunder, and rob
and carry on board; and lo, what else is there in all these events except God’s anger clear and visible over this people?7
Because there were different groups of Scandina- vians, Viking expansion varied a great deal. Norwegian Vikings moved into Ireland and western England, while the Danes attacked eastern England, Frisia, and the Rhineland and navigated rivers to enter western Frank- ish lands. Swedish Vikings dominated the Baltic Sea and progressed into the Slavic areas to the east. Mov- ing into northwestern Russia, they went down the
182 Chapter 8 European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750–1000
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