Page 235 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

Europe, 400–1100 (Cambridge, 2002). On attitudes toward sex- uality in the early Christian church, see the important work by P. Brown, The Body and Society (New York, 1988).
THE VIKINGS The Vikings are examined in M. Arnold, The Vikings: Culture and Conquest (London, 2006), and R. Hall, The World of the Vikings (New York, 2007).
FIEF-HOLDING An introductory work on fief-holding is J. R. Strayer, Feudalism (Princeton, N.J., 1985). For an important revisionist view, see S. Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals (Oxford, 1994).
Notes
1. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, trans. S. Turner (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1960), p. 30.
2. Ibid., p. 57.
3. A. Barbero, Charlemagne: Father of a Continent, trans. A.
Cameron (Berkeley, Calif., 2004), p. 4.
4. Quoted in Chris Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A
History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (New York, 2009), p. 4.
5. Quoted in P. Rich􏰀e, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne,
trans. J. A. McNamara (Philadelphia, 1978), p. 56.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND SLAVIC PEOPLES Byzantine civi- lization in this period is examined in W. Treadgold, The Byzan- tine Revival, 780–842 (Stanford, Calif., 1988). On the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe, see S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, 750–1200 (New York, 1996).
WORLD OF ISLAM The world of Islam in this period is dis- cussed in H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliph- ates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (London, 1986), and J. Lassner, The Shaping of Abbasid Rule (Princeton, N.J., 1980).
6. 1 Corinthians 7:1–2, 8–9.
7. Quoted in S. Keynes, “The Vikings in England, c.
790–1016,” in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings,
ed. P. Sawyer (Oxford, 1997), p. 81.
8. Quoted in O. Thatcher and E. McNeal, eds., A Source Book
for Medieval History (New York, 1905), p. 363.
9. Al-Mas’udi, The Meadows of Gold: The Abbasids, ed. P.
Lunde and C. Stone (London, 1989), p. 151.
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