Page 250 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

THE ORIGINS OF UNIVERSITIES The first European uni- versity was founded in Bologna, Italy, and coincided with the revival of interest in Roman law, especially the rediscovery of Justinian’s Body of Civil Law. In the twelfth century, Irnerius (1088–1125), a great teacher of Roman law in Bologna (buh-LOHN-yuh), attracted students from all over Europe. Most of them were lay- men, usually older individuals who served as adminis- trators to kings and princes and were eager to learn more about law so they could apply it in their jobs. To protect themselves, students at Bologna formed a guild or universitas, which was recognized by Emperor Fred- erick Barbarossa and given a charter in 1158. Although the faculty members also organized themselves as a group, the universitas of students at Bologna was far more influential. It obtained a promise of freedom for students from local authorities, regulated the prices of books and lodging, and determined the curriculum, fees, and standards for their masters. Teachers were fined if they missed a class or began their lectures late.
In northern Europe, the University of Paris became the first recognized university. A number of teachers or
masters who had received licenses to teach from the ca- thedral school of Notre-Dame in Paris began to take on extra students for a fee. By the end of the twelfth cen- tury, these masters teaching at Paris had formed a uni- versitas or guild of masters. By 1200, the king of France, Philip Augustus, officially acknowledged the ex- istence of the University of Paris. The University of Oxford in England, organized on the Paris model, appeared in 1208. A migration of scholars from Oxford led to the establishment of Cambridge University the following year. In the late Middle Ages, kings, popes, and princes vied to found new universities. By the end of the Middle Ages, there were eighty universities in Europe, most of them located in England, France, Italy, and Germany (see Map 9.2).
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY
A student’s initial studies at a medieval university cen- tered around the traditional liberal arts curriculum, which consisted of grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. All classes were con- ducted in Latin, which provided a common means of
SCOTLAND
0 200 0
400 200
600 Kilometers 400 Miles
Baltic Sea
Prague Krakow
Vienna
MAP 9.2 Main Intellectual Centers of Medieval Europe. Education in the early Middle Ages was provided primarily by the clergy, especially the monks. Although monastic schools were the centers of learning from the ninth century to the early eleventh, they were surpassed in the course of the eleventh century by the cathedral schools organized by the secular (nonmonastic) clergy. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the universities surpassed both monastic and cathedral schools as intellectual centers.
Q In what ways did France qualify as the intellectual capital of Europe?
IRELAND
Jarrow Durham
Y ork
North
Sea DENMARK
ENGLAND Cambridge
Oxford Salisbury
Magdeburg Cologne
Atlantic Ocean
Mont- Saint- Michel
Notre- Dame
Denis Laon
Reims Hirsau
Lorch
Canterbury WinchesterSaint-
Leipzig
Mainz Heidelberg
Fulda Bamberg
Regensburg
Chartres Orléans
Tours Poitiers
Paris
Fleury Basel
FRANCE Cahors
Piacenza
Bourges Bordeaux
Cluny
Saint-Gall
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Padua Ferrara Bologna
V allombrosa Corsica Perugia
Grenoble
A vignon
Clairvaux Citeaux
Valladolid
SPAIN Toledo
Seville
Chapter 9
Toulouse Montpellier
Balearic Islands
Salamanca Coimbra
Florence
Sardinia
Rome Monte Cassino
Naples
Salerno
Palermo
Sicily
University
Important monastic school Important cathedral school
Mediterranean Sea
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The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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