Page 257 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

The High Middle Ages also gave birth to an intellectual and artistic revival. The intellectual revival led to a rediscovery of important aspects of the classical heritage, including the works of Aristotle, who came to be viewed as the “master of those who know.” New centers of learning emerged in the universities, where reason was used to systematize the study of theology and law. In addition to Latin literature, a vernac- ular literature emerged that appealed both to knights and to townspeople.
An artistic revival was especially evident in architecture, where Romanesque cathedrals, with their barrel vaults and massive
CHAPTER TIMELINE
pillars and walls with little space
for windows, gave way in the
twelfth century to Gothic cathe-
drals. Ribbed vaults and pointed
arches made it possible to build
higher cathedrals, and flying but-
tresses, by redistributing the
weight, allowed them to have
thinner walls and stained-glass windows. Construction of a ca- thedral took decades, but it was a community’s act of faith in an age when a spiritual ideal still underlay most of existence.
900 1000
Emergence of new towns
1100
Beginning of fairs in Champagne
The Song
of Roland Age of Gothic cathedrals
Growth of guilds
The rise of universities
1200
Work of Thomas Aquinas
1300
CHAPTER REVIEW
Upon Reflection
Q How did the revival of trade and cities affect the economy and society of Europe in the High Middle Ages?
Q What were the causes and the consequences of the development of the medieval universities?
Key Terms
aristocracy (p. 202)
chivalry (p. 203)
commercial capitalism (p. 207) bourgeoisie (p. 207)
guilds (p. 211)
Q In what ways did the artistic and literary culture of the High Middle Ages reflect the religious preoccupations and problems of medieval society?
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scholasticism (p. 214) chanson de geste (p. 216) Romanesque (p. 216) Gothic (p. 217)
Chapter Summary
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