Page 281 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

Bruges
Paris
Ratisbon
Atlantic Ocean
Lisbon
Vézelay
Marseilles
Genoa Pisa
Venice
Sicily
Zara
Corsica Sardinia
Tunis
0 0
Black Sea
Constantinople
Cyprus
Manzikert
COUNTY OF EDESSA
Antioch
Edessa
SELJUKS
PRINCIPALITY OF ANTIOCH
COUNTY OF TRIPOLI Hattin
KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM
Mediterranean
Crete
Tripoli Sea Acre
Crusader states
First Crusade, 1096–1099 Second Crusade, 1147–1149 Third Crusade, 1189–1192 Battle site
Alexandria Cairo
Jerusalem
Damietta
300
600
900 Kilometers 600 Miles
MAP 10.5 The Early Crusades. Pope Urban II launched the Crusades to recapture the Holy Land from the “enemies of God,” a call met with great enthusiasm in Europe. The fighters of the First Crusade massacred the inhabitants of Jerusalem and established the crusader states.
Q In the Third Crusade, which countries sent Crusaders by land and which by sea, and why would they choose these methods of travel?
300
Red Sea
cavalry and as many as ten thousand foot soldiers. Af- ter the capture of Antioch in 1098, much of the crusad- ing host proceeded down the coast of Palestine, evading the garrisoned coastal cities, and reached Jerusalem in June 1099. After a five-week siege, the Holy City was taken amid a horrible massacre of the inhabitants, men, women, and children (see the box on p. 244).
After further conquest of Palestinian lands, the Cru- saders ignored the wishes of the Byzantine emperor (who foolishly believed the Crusaders were working on his behalf) and organized four crusader states (Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem). Because the crusader states were surrounded by Muslim enemies, they grew increasingly dependent on the Italian commercial cities for supplies from Europe. Some Italian cities, such as Genoa, Pisa, and especially Venice, became rich and powerful in the process.
THE SECOND CRUSADE The crusader states had a hard time maintaining themselves. Already by the 1120s, the Muslims had begun to strike back. In 1144, Edessa became the first of the four Latin states to be recaptured. Its fall led to renewed calls for another Crusade, especially from the monastic firebrand Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, who exclaimed, “Now, on account of our sins, the sacrilegious enemies of the cross have begun to show their faces. . . . What are you doing, you servants of the cross? Will you throw to the dogs that which is most holy? Will you cast pearls before swine?”11 Bernard aimed his message at knights and even managed to enlist two powerful rul- ers, King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. Their Second Crusade, however, proved a total failure.
The Crusades 243
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