Page 332 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

NORWAY
SWEDEN Stockholm
SCOTLAND Edinburgh
N o r t h S e a
Riga
TEUTONIC ORDER
Novgorod
Smolensk LITHUANIA
Kiev
MOLDAVIA
PRINCIPALITY OF MOSCOW
DENMARK
Moscow
CRIMEA
Hamburg Lübeck ROMAN
IRELAND
Dublin WALES
Oxford
Danzig HOLY Brandenburg
ENGLAND
London
POLAND
BOHEMIA Krakow Vienna
Cologne
EMPIRE Prague
Calais HABSBURG LANDS
Paris
FRANCE Orléans
Poitiers Genoa
ARAGON Corsica STATES MONTENEGRO
Mainz Nuremberg
Augsburg
Milan LANDS
BURGUNDY
HABSBURGBuda Pest
A t l a n t i c
Ocean Lyons Venice
HUNGARY Belgrade
Azov
NAVARRE
CASTILE PORTUGAL Toledo
Florence PAPAL
SERBIA
BULGARIA RUMELIA
Black Sea
Barcelona
Rome
Naples
Sicily
Constantinople
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Athens
Crete
R.
Lisbon
0
Córdoba Granada
Sardinia
Tunis
Mediterranean Sea
Cyprus
Jerusalem
Kilometers 0 Miles
Alexandria
MAMLUK SULTANATE
300
0
30
0
600 900 60
MAP 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century. By the second half of the fifteenth century, states in western Europe, particularly France, Spain, and England, had begun the process of modern state building. With varying success, they reined in the power of the church and nobles, increased the ability to levy taxes, and established effective government bureaucracies.
Q What aspects of Europe’s political boundaries help explain why France and the Holy Roman Empire were often at war with each other?
convert to Christianity. But complaints about the sincer- ity of these Jewish converts prompted Ferdinand and Isabella to ask the pope to introduce the Inquisition into Spain in 1478. Under royal control, the Inquisition worked to guarantee the orthodoxy of the converts but had no authority over practicing Jews. Consequently, in 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella took the drastic step of ex- pelling all professed Jews from Spain. It is estimated that 150,000 out of possibly 200,000 Jews fled.
Ferdinand and Isabella had also pursued a policy of battling the Muslims by attacking the kingdom of Granada. The war against this remaining Muslim king- dom lasted eleven years until the final bastion of the city of Granada fell in 1492. Muslims were now
“encouraged” to convert to Christianity, and in 1502, Isabella issued a decree expelling all professed Muslims from her kingdom. To a very large degree, the “Most Catholic” monarchs had achieved their goal of absolute religious orthodoxy as a basic ingredient of the Spanish state. To be Spanish was to be Catholic, a policy of uni- formity enforced by the Inquisition.
Central Europe: The Holy Roman
Empire
After 1438, the position of Holy Roman emperor was in the hands of the Habsburg dynasty. Having gradu- ally acquired a number of possessions along the
294 Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance
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