Page 347 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

North
Sea DENMARK
Amsterdam
SWEDEN
IRELAND ENGLAND
RUSSIA
Black Sea
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Cyprus
750 Kilometers 500 Miles
London
NETHERLANDS Wittenberg
Antwerp Mühlberg BRANDENBURG
LUXEMBOURG
Atlantic Paris BOHEMIA
SAXONY
Warsaw POLAND
Prague
O c e a n
PORTUGAL CASTILE
BA V ARIA Vienna FRANCE Augsburg
Buda HUNGARY
Lisbon
Toledo
ARAGON Barcelona
AFRICA
TYROL SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA
REPUBLIC
MILAN OF VENICE
TUSCANY PAPAL STATES
Corsica Rome Naples
Mohács
0 0
Habsburg Hungary Ottoman Hungary
Constantinople
Crete
250 500 250
Sardinia
NAPLES
Sicily
Maximilian of Austria Mary of Burgundy
Acquired by Ferdinand, brother of Charles V Ottoman Empire possessions
Isabella of Castile Ferdinand of Aragon
Boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire
MAP 13.1 The Empire of Charles V. Charles V spent much of his reign fighting wars in Italy, against France and the Ottoman Empire, and within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. He failed in his main goal to secure Europe for Catholicism: the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 recognized the equality of Catholicism and Lutheranism and let each German prince choose his realm’s religion.
Q Why would France feel threatened by the empire of Charles V?
Magnificent (1520–1566), the Ottoman Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria, and advanced as far as Vienna, where they were finally repulsed in 1529.
Finally, the internal political situation in the Holy Roman Empire was not in Charles’s favor. Germany was a land of several hundred territorial states— princely states, ecclesiastical principalities, and free im- perial cities. Although all owed loyalty to the emperor, Germany’s medieval development had enabled these states to become quite independent of imperial author- ity. They had no desire to have a strong emperor. By the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to
Germany in 1546, Lutheranism had become well estab- lished and the Lutheran princes were well organized. Unable to impose his will on Germany, Charles was forced to negotiate a truce. An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg, which marked an important turning point in the his- tory of the Reformation. The division of Christianity was formally acknowledged, with Lutheranism granted equal legal standing with Catholicism. Moreover, the peace settlement accepted the right of each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects (but not the right of the subjects to choose their religion). Charles’s hope for a united empire had been completely
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 309
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
a
e
S
c
i
t
l
a
B
Don R.
Dnieper R.
s
p
l
A
P
Ebro R.
i
r
e
n
R.
e
e
b
e
s
n
u
y
e
s
d
a
a
n
a
l
s
I
c
i
r
a
e
l
a
B
T
g
r
i
s
R
.
E
u
p
s.
t
h
s
M
T
a
t
e
s
R
u
r
.
u
D
M
e
d
r
i
t
r
r
a
n
e
a
n
S
e
a