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and G. J. Ames, The Globe Encompassed: The Age of Euro- pean Discovery, 1500–1700 (Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2007).
PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH EXPANSION On Portuguese expansion, see M. Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion (London, 2004). On Columbus, see W. D. Phillips and C. R. Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (Cambridge, 1992). On the Spanish Empire in the New World, see H. Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (New York, 2003). For a revisionist view of the Span- ish conquest of the Americas, see M. Restall, Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (Oxford, 2003).
MERCANTILE EMPIRES AND WORLDWIDE TRADE The subject of mercantile empires and worldwide trade is covered in J. H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World (New Haven, Conn., 2006), and M. J. Seymour, Transformation of the North Atlan- tic World, 1492–1763 (Westport, Conn., 2004). On the African slave trade, see M. Rediker, The Slave Ship: A Human History (New York, 2007), and J. K. Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 1998).
Notes
1. Quoted in J. R. Hale, Renaissance Exploration (New York, 1968), p. 32.
2. Quoted in J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450 to 1640 (New York, 1963), p. 33.
3. Quoted in R. B. Reed, “The Expansion of Europe,” in The Meaning of the Renaissance and Reformation, ed. R. De Molen (Boston, 1974), p. 308.
IMPACT OF EXPANSION The impact of expansion on Euro- pean consciousness is explored in A. Pagden, European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Ro- manticism (New Haven, Conn., 1993). On the impact of disease, see N. D. Cook, Born to Die: Disease and the New World (New York, 1998). The human and ecological effects of the inter- action of New World and Old World cultures are examined thoughtfully in A. W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Bio- logical Expansion of Europe (New York, 1986). The native American female experience with the European encounter is pre- sented in R. Gutierrez, When Jesus Came the Corn Mother Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (Stanford, Calif., 1991).
ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF EXPANSION On mercantil- ism, see L. Magnusson, Mercantilism: The Shaping of an Eco- nomic Language (New York, 1994). On the concept of a world economy, see A. K. Smith, Creating a World Economy: Mer- chant Capital, Colonialism, and World Trade, 1400–1825 (Boulder, Colo., 1991).
4. Quoted in B. Davidson, Africa in History: Themes and Outlines, rev. ed. (New York, 1991), p. 213.
5. Quoted in ibid., p. 198.
6. Quoted in G. V. Scammell, The First Imperial Age: European
Overseas Expansion, c. 1400–1715 (London, 1989), p. 62. 7. M. Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account
of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1969), p. 51.
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356 Chapter 14 Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500–1800
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