Page 399 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

both minor and major European powers—Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain—made the war a Europe- wide struggle (see Map 15.1). The struggle for European leadership between the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg dynasties of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire was an especially important factor. Nevertheless, most of the battles were fought on German soil, with devastating results for the German people.
The Peace of Westphalia, which officially ended the war in Germany in 1648, ensured that all German
states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion. The major contenders gained new territories, and one of them, France, emerged as the dominant nation in Europe. The more than three hundred states that made up the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as virtually independ- ent, each with the power to conduct its own foreign policy. The Habsburg emperor had been reduced to a figurehead. The Peace of Westphalia also made it clear that religion and politics were now separate in the
Bergen
North Sea
NORWAY
KINGDOM OF DENMARK AND NORWAY
FINLAND
Kingdom of Denmark and Norway
Brandenburg
Kingdom of Sweden
Habsburg (Austrian)
Habsburg (Spanish)
Holy Roman Empire boundary in 1648
Battle site
SWEDEN
KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
Stockholm
ESTONIA LIVONIA
SCOTLAND
ENGLAND London
Madrid SPAIN
DENMARK
Baltic Sea
Lübeck UNITED Bremen Hamburg
PROVINCES
Amsterdam BRANDENBURG
Danzig
PRUSSIA
Lützen 1632
Westphalia
Nördlingen 1634
P ALA TINA TE
BA V ARIA Augsburg
Warsaw
POLAND
SP ANISH NETHERLANDS
Berlin
Rocroi 1643
Verdun Metz Toul
SILESIA Prague
BOHEMIA
A t l a n t i c O c e a n
PORTUGAL
FRANCE
SWISS CONFEDERA TION
MILAN SAVOY
AUSTRIA REPUBLIC
Paris
ALSACE
White Mountain 1620
Vienna
Buda HUNGARY
PAPAL TUSCANY STATES
OF
VENICE
GENOA
Corsica Rome
Naples
Sardinia
Lisbon
Mediterranean Sea
0 200 400 600 Kilometers 0 200 400 Miles
Sicily
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions 361
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MAP 15.1 The Thirty Years’ War. The conflict began in the German states as Europe’s major powers backed either the northern Protestant Union or the southern Catholic League. As the war progressed, religion receded in importance, replaced by a dynastic struggle between the French Bourbons and the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs.
Q Compare this map with Map 13.2. Which countries engaged in the war were predominantly Protestant, which were predominantly Catholic, and which were mixed?
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