Page 579 - Sociology and You

Chapter 16 Population and Urbanization 549
What were early cities like? The first cities appeared about five or six thousand years ago and were quite small by modern standards. One of the world’s first major cities was Ur, located at the point where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers meet (in modern-day Iraq). At its peak, Ur held only about 24,000 people. Later, during the time of the Roman Empire, it is unlikely that many cities had populations larger than 33,000. The population of Rome it- self was probably under 350,000.
In addition to their small size, the cities of ancient and medieval periods contained only a small portion of the world’s population. As recently as 1800, less than 3 percent of the world’s population lived in cities of 20,000 or more. By contrast, today, 46 percent of the world’s population live in urban areas. In North America, 75 percent of the population live in cities (World Population Data Sheet, 2001). How did cities develop so quickly and why have cities replaced rural living for most people?
Preindustrial Cities
The first urban settlements were located in Mesopotamia and were estab- lished around 3500 B.C. This was after people learned how to cultivate plants and domesticate animals, a period known as the agricultural revolution. The Mesopotamian region is among the world’s most fertile areas and the farmers in the area were able to provide enough extra, or surplus, food to feed people in the cities. A surplus food supply is necessary for urbanization to occur.
Who lived in preindustrial cities? Besides available food, people needed other reasons to gather in cities. Cities tended to attract four basic types of people: elites, functionaries, craftspeople, and the poor and desti- tute. For elites, the city provided a setting for consolidating political, mili- tary, or religious power. The functionaries were the political or religious officials who carried out the plans of the elites. Their lives were undoubt- edly easier than those of the peasant-farmers in the countryside. Craftspeople, still lower in the stratification structure, came to the city to work and sell their products to the elites and functionaries. The poor
came hoping to find work but were seldom able to improve their condition.
Do preindustrial cities still exist today? Africa, Asia, and Latin America are only partly industrialized. For this reason, many of their cities still have some preindustrial characteristics. This is particularly true in capital cities because they are a magnet to the rural poor seeking a better life. Rural migrants are attracted to these cities because there are limited opportunities for making a living in the rural areas and the city promises a better life. Unfortunately, most of those who migrate to the cities are dis- appointed, because the expected employment opportunities do
not exist. The migrants end up living in terrible slums.
In Calcutta, India, for example, 12 million people are
crowded into a city whose last major sewer line was built in
1896. Epidemics are frequent, and disease is commonplace. Calcutta’s hous- ing supply, waterworks, electrical system, and other facilities are not sufficient to cope with the city’s rapid growth.
Calcutta, India, remains essentially a preindustrial city.