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Unit 5 Social Change
Secondary Analysis: Gang Violence
Gangs have been a constant feature of the American urban landscape during most of the twentieth century. James Hagedorn’s research (1998), however, led him to propose that postindustrial society has changed patterns of gang violence. Hagedorn’s conclusions are based on a combination of three methods: a review of the research of others, secondary analysis of data collected by other researchers, and original data gathered himself.
Gangs (mostly male) in the industrial period were tied to specific neigh- borhoods and new immigrant groups. Gang violence primarily centered on “turf” battles among neighborhood peer groups. Pride in violence came from defending territory. Violence provided excitement and a sense of place in a group. Nevertheless, these working- and lower-class boys would eventually move on to hold decent jobs, have families, and live in better neighborhoods.
Gangs today still tend to form around racial and ethnic groups and neigh- borhoods. Currently, gangs tend to be African American, Latino, or Asian, just as earlier gangs were formed mostly by European immigrants, such as those from Ireland, Italy, or Eastern Europe. According to Hagedorn, however, postindustrial gangs are different in important ways. First, gang violence has significantly increased. Second, gang-related homicides have risen dramati- cally. Gang violence, he notes, skyrocketed at the same time American cor- porations were moving well-paying jobs away from the central city. As legitimate work disappeared in inner cities, gangs turned from their earlier territorial emphasis to participation in the illegitimate drug market. The com- mon outlook of gang members today is expressed by this gang member:
I got out of high school and I didn’t have a diploma, wasn’t no jobs, wasn’t no source of income, no nothing. That’s basically the easy way for a . . . young man to be—selling some dope—you can get yourself some money real quick, you really don’t have nothing to worry about, nothing but the feds. You know everybody in your neighborhood. Yeah, that’s pretty safe just as long as you don’t start smoking it yourself (Hagedorn, 1998:390).
Significantly, this gang member was not a teenager. While a minority of gang members remain committed to the drug economy, most seek “legit” jobs as they approach their thirties.
Working with the Research
1. Explain why urban gangs tend to form around minority groups.
2. Relate Hagedorn’s findings on urban gang violence, to Merton’s strain theory, discussed in Chapter 7.