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tions of the human body, and on fortification. Dürer, however, had never illuminated manuscripts.
In spite of the competition from printed books, manuscript illumination did not suddenly end with the introduction of printing; luxury manuscripts continued to be produced, though probably in reduced volume, especially compared to the explosive growth of printed book production. For unique books, or very small editions, manuscript book production continued to a limited extent for three centuries after the invention of printing because it was often less expensive to hire scribes to produce a book than to print it in a very small edition. In the first decades of the sixteenth century, by which time printing had spread over most parts of Europe, the Parisian miniaturist and illuminator Jean Pichore ran a large and successful workshop, creating illuminated manuscripts for the greatest royal and ecclesiastical patrons on secular as well as religious subjects.
Pichore is of special interest to the study of the impact of printing on manuscript book production since in addition to the usual manuscript lux- ury books of hours, which were the most popular of luxury manuscript volumes, he and Remy de Laistre also adapted to the new technology, pro- ducing and publishing printed books of hours illustrated with metal engrav- ings. Until the 1480s Bruges and Ghent had dominated the production of illuminated manuscript books of hours, after which the locus of production transferred to Paris, where, in addition to the manuscript trade, between the late 1480s and 1550 a variety of illuminators and printers produced rough- ly 200 printed editions of books of hours, adapting the illustration and page-layout formulae of the traditional illuminated manuscripts to print- ing. Doing so enabled them to meet the production demands of the wider market for books resulting from the introduction of printing, and to offer an increased selection of books of hours, perhaps for immediate delivery rather than to order, and presumably at lower cost. With their complex page layouts and elaborately engraved illustrations these printed books of hours were nevertheless expensive relative to ordinary printed books in similar format; along with copies on paper, they were frequently printed on vel-
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