Page 279 - Green - Maritime Archaeology: A Technical Handbook. 2nd ed

258 Maritime Archaeology: A Technical Handbook, Second Edition
suction end to increase mobility of the dredge. The advantage of the dredge is that it can work efficiently in very shallow water as well as in deeper water. The water pump is also generally lighter than the equivalent air com- pressor, so that excavation can be carried out from a more mobile work platform like a small boat. The dredge does not need to be securely fas- tened to the seabed, although there is a force caused by the water discharge at the end which tends to drive the dredge forward.
There are a number of disadvantages with the dredge. It does not work well when inclined upward, causing problems when it is necessary to exca- vate in a hole. This can be resolved by keeping the main dredge section hor- izontal and running a flexible tube down into the hole (Figure 9.14). If there is a current the water dredge needs to be set up so that it discharges down current taking into account current changes. Additionally, the efficiency of the dredge diminishes with increasing length of discharge tube. Thus, there is a limit to the distance that spoil can be discharged off the site. It is usually not possible to discharge more than about 5–10 m with a medium-sized fire pump. This can cause problems when excavating a large site, but with careful planning spoil can be deposited off the site. This contrasts sharply with the airlift which discharges its spoil high up above the site, usually some dis- tance horizontally off the site, and utilizes the current to carry debris even further off. One final problem is that it is difficult, at the end of operations, to coil up the fire hose used to supply the water to the dredge. It is worth
Figure 9.14 Dredge with flexible tubing which connects with dredge head (out of frame in foreground). Discharge extends behind diver. (Courtesy of Brian Richards, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum.)