Page 59 - Nicolaes Witsen & Shipbuilding in the Dutch Golden Age

Or another method: (66 II 9) 3⁄4 Parts of the heigh t of the stem, in the perpendicular, also gives the thickness of the inside of the stem, if one multiplies with the nu- merator, and divides by the denominator, and tak es the result to stand in inches. On ships with forecastles this thickness is made more than on ships without forecastles.
. ..
(66 I 19) 2. The thickness of the foreside is 3⁄5 of the thickness of the inside.
. ..
Or:(66II29) and3⁄4 ofthethicknessoftheinsideof the stem is the thickness of the outside.
. ..
(66 II 18) Breadth of the Stem.
1. In the middle the stem is 3 times as broad as it is
thick: above and below it is broader.
. ..
(66 II 26) According to some, the breadth of the stem above is twice the thickness inside.
. ..
(150 II 14) The Stem should be quite deep above, be- cause one bolts into it from the outside.
. ..
(68 I 3 3) The stem should be a little more, than a third broader below than above.
3. For the height of this stem one adds the depth, the rise of the deck for ward, and what is to be above, like the cable tier , the forecastle, &c. Example, 10 feet depth, 2 feet rise of the sheer, one could also take 3 feet for this, 6 feet upper deck, comes to 18 feet for the height of the stem, and the same for the rake.
. ..
(66 I 30) When taking the heigh t of the stem, one needs to know beforehand if the ship shall have a fore- castle, or not:
should there be no forecastle, then the stem should be much longer than the heigh t of the cable tier . Or one takes two eleventh parts of the length of the ship over the stems for the heigh t of the stem in the per- pendicular. Others also tak e eleven sixtieth parts of the length for this.
(66 II 37) The Rise of the deck.
6. The Rise forward is 21⁄4 inches for every 10 feet
length, and aft 61⁄2 inches.
. ..
(72 II 20) The rake of the stem is measured from the boxing of the stem to the hanging line or perpendicu- lar from the top of the stem.
. ..
(66 I40) For therake ofthestemonetak es 28 twenty-ninth parts, of the heigh t of the stem, in the try square.
. ..
(149 II 54) When a Stem is made to bear W eight, one may make it two feet higher than its rak e, or even 3 or 4 feet, and also a little more cur ved than usual. The less the Stem rake, the longer the keel should be, the longer the keel, the larger the bottom, the larger the bottom, the more the ship will carry . The stem of frigates have a large rake, and one tends to make them crooked above and of an easy curve.
(66 I 28)
A
. ..
uyt has less rake, a Frigate more.
. ..
How Ships Are Built in Holland Today
When making the Stem, one tak es both parts and lies one on top of the other in the try square [a 90-degree angle], in accordance with the required height and the rak e of the stem, then one mak es the Scarf, which is to be mark ed above and below; the ends of the scarf one mak es thick, to one fourth of the total thickness: then one marks the forward end of the boxing and the lower [boxing] Scarf, which comes onto the keel, and when the Scarf is made and joined, one is to line it with Moss before fastening, then the upper end is nailed, and then fastened with four bolts, clenched at one end wi th plates, and nailed: Then make the fron t, two fths thinner than the inside, after which the inside face and the outside are made. After this shape the inside and next the outside and to make this, t the two pieces together to know whether it is right, put a Ruler [rey] on its side on each end and in the middle and check th e Rulers on all three ends on both sides and if an ything is not right one way or the other, mend it by eye and scribe the scarfs.
(149 II 4 )
41