Page 155 - Ecuador's Banana Sector under Climate Change

chapter 6: climate change policies and their potential impact on ecuador’s banana sector - an economic analysis
A: Puerto Quetzal GT to Port Hueneme, United States 95 B: Puerto Cortes HN to Gulfport, United States 86 C: Puerto Limón CR to Antwerp, Belgium 69 D: Ecuador to Rotterdam, the Netherlands 41
Source: Routes A and B: (Craig et al., 2012); Route C: (Kilian et al., 2012); Route D: (see Chapter 4); a backhaul factor of 1.8 has been applied to Route D to make it consistent with the other measures.
methods of maritime transportation; in fact, they exceed the emission rates of rail cargo.51
An IMO survey of the GHG emission efficiency of all classes of international shipping reports that general cargo ships range between 11 and 20 g-CO2/t-k; larger ships are more energy efficient; refrigerated cargo ships, 13 g-CO2/t-km; and containerships range from 13 to 36 g-CO2/t-km. The highest value relates to the smallest class of containership (less than 1 000 TEU).52 Figure 48 plots the GHG efficiency values for container ships by TEU size from the IMO survey and the values are calculated from the data in the LCAs. Three shipments from Table 52 have been plotted, based on a 400-TEU size ship (Buhaug et al.,
Table 52 Carbon footprints for maritime transportation of bananas
Route
g-/CO2t-km
Figure 48 Maritime Shipping: GHG scale of efficiency
60
50
40
30
20
10
IMO A B C D
1000 2000
3000 4000 5000 TEU size, container ships
Source: IMO (Buhaug et al., 2009); shipping routes from Table 5
51 The calculations apply a backhaul factor of 0.80. Weber and Matthews (2008) have surveyed emission
atesfor major transportation modes. TEU: 20-foot equivalent unit.
52
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