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Appendix 01: Speakers’ summary notes
Climate impacts on land-based fisheries & aquaculture and links to food supply
SENA S DE SILVAA & DORIS SOTOB
a School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad de Concepcion, Chile
b
PLENARY SESSION 2:
CLIMATE IMPACTS ON LAND USE, FOOD PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY (INDIRECT IMPACTS)
The role of inland fish for food security and development
Although fish have been an important dietary component throughout our evolutionary history1,2, its contributions to global food security came to light only recently3,4,5. This realization is linked to the significant increases in fish consumption over the years; globally 5.2 (1961) to 18.8 kg caput-1 yr-1 in 2013 and in LIFDC from 3.5 to 7.66,7. It is estimated8 by 2030 per caput fish consumption global, in China and SE Asia would increase to 18.2, 41.0 and 28.3, respectively and the world will require 30-40x106 additional tonnes of fish to ensure food security.
Global fish production for human consumption reached 146x106 tonnes in 2014, providing more than 3.1 billion people with 20-30 percent of animal protein intake apart from essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Of the former 40 % were from inland waters, primarily inland aquaculture (47x106 tonnes)8. In many African, Asian and Latin American countries inland fish provide more than 50 % of the animal protein (e.g. Bangladesh)9.
Fish are often affordable to the rural poor, and help earn foreign exchange to developing countries through trade
of specific commodities. More than 90 % of the global inland fisheries and aquaculture (IFAq) production occur in developing countries and produce is not rendered. Global aquaculture employment lies between 27.7 and 56.7 million full and part-time10.
Inland fisheries support tens of millions of livelihoods globally and contribute significantly to diets of billions in nutrition sensitive areas such as African Great Lakes, river basins of the Nile, Niger, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Mekong and Amazon8. The difficulties in obtaining and poor quality of available information have underestimated current production and hindered scientific management11.
Inland aquaculture accounts for 35-40 % of fish consumed, contributed significantly to closing the gap between supply and demand. Aquaculture practices, often are small scale, organised into clusters and range from extensive to intensive, and some communally managed as in culture-based fisheries (CBF)12. The activity partially compensates for the fishery losses from overfishing and some extreme events.
Climate change impacts (CCI)
CCI in fisheries are often over imposed with direct human intervention such as overfishing and pollution of water resources13. Freshwater ecosystems are more likely to be adversely impacted than marine ecosystems. Populations of freshwater species have declined on average by 50 percent (whilst 30% for marine species) between 1970 and 200014.
1 Crawford, M.A., Bloom, M., Broadhurst, C.L., et al. (1999). Lipids 34, S39-S47
2 Cunnnane, S.C.,Stewart, K.M. (2010). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc., 213 pp.
3 Kawarazuka, N., Běně, C. (2010). Food Security 2, 342-357
Běně, C., Barange, M., Subasinghe, R., et al. (2015). Food Security 7, 261-274.
De Silva, S.S. (2016). Food Security 8, 585-596.
HLPE (2014). http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en
FAO (2016) The state of the world Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016: contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome 200 pp World Bank (2013). World Bank Report No. 83177-GLB, 102 pp.
Belton, B., Van Asseldonk, I.J., Hakingh-Thilsted, S. (2014). Food Policy 2014:77-87
10 Phillips, M., Subasinghe, R.P., Tran, N., et al. (2016). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No.601, 81 pp. Rome, Italy
11 Youn, S-J., Taylor, W.W., Lynch, A.J., et al. (2014). Global Food Security (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.005. 7 pp.
12 De Silva, S. S. (2003). Aquaculture, 221, 221-243.
13 Cochrane, K., De Young, C., Soto, D., T. Bahri (eds.). 2009. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 530. Rome, FAO. pp. 151-212.
14 http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5707e.pdf
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FAO-IPCC Expert meeting on climate change, land use and food security