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The Group is currently assessing the impact the amendments will have on current practice.(r) Critical Accounting Estimates and AssumptionsThe presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards requires the use of estimates. Certain areas that are particularly subject to evaluation and in which management%u2019s assumptions and estimates are of critical importance for the consolidated financial statements are mentioned belo(i) Impairment Testing of GoodwillThe Group tests goodwill are based on value-in-use calculations. The most critical assumptions for this calculation are the estimated cash flows during the forecast period and the discount rate applied.(ii) Impairment Testing of Investment in AssociatesIf there is objective evidence of impairment, the carrying amount of the investment is tested for impairment by comparing its recoverable amount (higher of value in use and fair value less cost of disposal) with is carrying amount. The most critical management assumptions for this calculation are the determination of the reasonable possible scenarios of exercising the fair value, the estimated cash flows and/or multiples and the discount rate applied.(iii) Income TaxesThe Group is obliged to pay income taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. For any uncertain tax position, a current or deferred tax liability or receivable is recognized based on detailed assessment of the tax risk. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the current income tax and deferred tax liabilities in the period in which such determination is made (Note 9).As a multinational group with a turnover exceeding EUR 750.0 million, DKSH is in scope of the Pillar Two Model Rules that were issued by the OECD. The Pillar Two Model Rules were brought into law by a significant number of jurisdictions in 2023 and take effect beginning 2024. Switzerland decided to implement Pillar Two by means of a constitutional amendment which came into force on January 1, 2024. However, the Swiss government decided to defer the implementation of the Income Inclusion Rule (IIR).Based on a preliminary assessment the Group may be exposed to BEPS Pillar 2 top-up taxes in four countries once all regulations have been fully implemented. These four countries together accumulate less than 5.0% of the Groups profit before tax. However, as Switzerland has not yet introduced the Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) and the four countries not yet a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMTT), there should not be a material top-up tax exposure for the year 2024.(iv) Retirement Benefit ObligationsThe present value of the pension obligations depends on a number of factors that are determined on an actuarial basis using a number of assumptions. The assumptions used in determining the net cost (income) for pensions include the discount rate. Any changes in these assumptions will impact the carrying amount of the retirement benefit assets or obligations (Note 26).(v) Measurement of Fair ValueA number of the Group%u2019s accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Further information about the assumptions made in measuring fair values is included in Note 30 Acquisitions and disposals and Note 33 Financial instruments.68 Consolidated Financial Statements DKSH Group